{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:07:13Z","timestamp":1777788433975,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Padding is an essential component in a multilayer compression bandaging system, used inside the compression bandage through which substantial amount of pressure is exerted on the limb of patient for treatment of venous leg ulcers. As a result, the liquid transmission behavior of padding is also critical in managing body fluids or sweat exuded from the affected limb, reducing the excessive moisture build-up around the wound and thereby ensuring comfort to and hence a better compliance from the patients. This study investigates the in-plane fluid transport characteristics of needle-punched nonwoven padding bandages. It first reviewed the existing studies related to the problems, and discussed their limits and possible improvements in dealing with complex fluid transport issues in textile porous media. The measurement of fluid transport under different pressure levels was then done using a newly designed apparatus capable of simultaneously tracing the liquid in-plane spreading along different directions, and obtaining several transport characteristics of a testing sample, e.g. the liquid flow anisotropy, the rate of movement, the area of wet surface with time, etc. Also the effects of several important factors, such as the levels of pressure applied, the specimen bulk density, and needling density of the padding products, have been experimentally investigated. In addition, based on an extended Lucas\u2013Washburn theory, we calculated the liquid flow distance, both instantaneous speed and a more useful time-averaged speed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">v<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">av<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    at any given direction, and also defined a flow anisotropy index\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    as a convenient parameter to represent the material flow anisotropy. The applications of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">v<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">av<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    to actual samples have demonstrated the usefulness of these parameters in characterizing the flow nature and behavior of the materials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328215597589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T19:58:44Z","timestamp":1438286324000},"page":"589-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Liquid transmission characteristics of padding bandages under pressure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Bipin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Textiles and Clothing, UC Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apurba","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textiles and Clothing, UC Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Alagirusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jitender","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Contribution of textiles to medical and healthcare products and developing innovative medical devices","volume":"31","author":"Rajendran S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajendran S, Anand SC. Contribution of textiles to medical and healthcare products and developing innovative medical devices. Indian J Fibre Text 2006; 31: 215\u2013229.","journal-title":"Indian J Fibre Text"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328213509503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Nathan M. Multilayer absorbent structure. 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