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Since the addition of tamoxifen citrate induces the formation of drug crystals from nanoparticle suspension the influence of several parameters on tamoxifen citrate encapsulation was investigated. In vitro studies for cytotoxicity, DNA ladder, and the expression of Bcl-2\u2013Bax expression were also investigated for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after the addition of tamoxifen citrate alone and tamoxifen citrate\u2013poly(d,l) lactic acid\u2013nanoparticles (encapsulated tamoxifen citrate). From results, it was noticed that the size and zeta potential of the drug loaded nanoparticles were not differed much in their physicochemical properties from drug free counterparts. The drug-loaded and drug-free nanoparticles exhibited size of in between 271.4 and 282.7\u2009nm and zeta potential of \u221234 to \u221227.4\u2009mV, respectively. There was significant increase in drug incorporation in the particles noticed in dichloromethane + methanol system in comparison to acetone + methanol and ethyl acetate + methanol systems. The drug was partly released from the nanoparticles after 48\u2009h of incubation at 37\u2103. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry data demonstrated drug\u2013polymer characteristics within the nanoparticles and unincorporated drug that appeared in the form of crystals from polarized microscopic study. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to tamoxifen citrate\u2013poly(d,l) lactic acid\u2013nanoparticles than tamoxifen citrate alone. DNA ladder and the expression of Bax to Bcl-2 ratio were much higher in tamoxifen citrate encapsulated in nanoparticles than that in tamoxifen citrate alone. These results demonstrated the feasibility of encapsulation of tamoxifen citrate and its enhanced efficiency in vitro and in vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328216670561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T20:08:43Z","timestamp":1474661323000},"page":"755-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tamoxifen citrate-loaded poly(\n                    <scp>d,l<\/scp>\n                    ) lactic acid nanoparticles: Evaluation for their anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"NR","family":"Ravikumara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, P.G. 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