{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:46:39Z","timestamp":1792716399408,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1 TR001081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR001081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005508","name":"Boettcher Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AR068087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AR068087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AR071585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AR071585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The growth plate is a cartilage tissue near the ends of children\u2019s long bones and is responsible for bone growth. Injury to the growth plate can result in the formation of a \u2018bony bar\u2019 which can span the growth plate and result in bone growth abnormalities in children. Biomaterials such as chitosan microgels could be a potential treatment for growth plate injuries due to their chondrogenic properties, which can be enhanced through loading with biologics. They are commonly fabricated via an emulsion method, which involves solvent rinses that are cytotoxic. Here, we present a high throughput, non-cytotoxic, non-emulsion-based method to fabricate chitosan\u2013genipin microgels. Chitosan was crosslinked with genipin to form a hydrogel network, and then pressed through a syringe filter using mesh with various pore sizes to produce a range of microgel particle sizes. The microgels were then loaded with chemokines and growth factors and their release was studied in vitro. To assess the applicability of the microgels for growth plate cartilage regeneration, they were injected into a rat growth plate injury. They led to increased cartilage repair tissue and were fully degraded by 28\u2009days in vivo. This work demonstrates that chitosan microgels can be fabricated without solvent rinses and demonstrates their potential for the treatment of growth plate injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328221999894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T06:07:29Z","timestamp":1615529249000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Emulsion-free chitosan\u2013genipin microgels for growth plate cartilage regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Riederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin A","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049809089942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13127068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"09","article-title":"Assessment of various crosslinking agents on collagen\/chitosan scaffolds for myocardial tissue engineering","volume":"15","author":"Fang Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang Y, Zhang T, Song Y, et\u00a0al. Assessment of various crosslinking agents on collagen\/chitosan scaffolds for myocardial tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2019; 15: 09\u201319.","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2005.11.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.04.087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"Regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of pediatric physeal injuries","author":"Shaw N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaw N, Erickson C, Bryant SJ, et\u00a0al. Regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of pediatric physeal injuries. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 2017; 24: 85--97.","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-171643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800874q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.6941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.768754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","article-title":"In vivo degradation rate of alginate-chitosan hydrogels influences tissue repair following physeal injury","author":"Erickson CB","unstructured":"Erickson CB, Newsom JP, Fletcher NA, et\u00a0al. In vivo degradation rate of alginate-chitosan hydrogels influences tissue repair following physeal injury. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 2020: 108: 2484--2494. DOI: 10.1002\/jbm.b.34580.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/55571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","article-title":"Anti-VEGF antibody delivered locally reduces bony bar formation following physeal injury in rats","author":"Erickson CB","unstructured":"Erickson CB, Newsom JP, Fletcher NA, et\u00a0al. Anti-VEGF antibody delivered locally reduces bony bar formation following physeal injury in rats. J Orthop Res. Epub ahead of print 12 November 2020. 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