{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:02:19Z","timestamp":1777788139890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"IoE","award":["R\/Dev\/D\/IoE\/seed & Incentive grant_III\/2022-23\/492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\/Dev\/D\/IoE\/seed & Incentive grant_III\/2022-23\/492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The rise of antimicrobial drug resistance among microorganisms presents a global challenge to clinicians. Therefore, it is essential to investigate drug delivery systems to combat resistant bacteria and fungi. This study examined the potential and mode of action of vancomycin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (PEI-AuNP@Van) to enhance vancomycin\u2019s biocidal activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. tropicalis, C. albicans, E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Drug conjugation and nanoparticle characterization were assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Effective vancomycin conjugation on polyethyleneimine-stabilized gold nanoparticles was achieved via electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonding between the COO-\/OH groups of vancomycin and the NH- groups of polyethyleneimine, yielding nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and high zeta potential. The high luminescence of the nanoparticles facilitated their detection in microbial cells. PEI-AuNP@Van was internalized in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    but showed surface adsorption in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The in vitro results indicated that the nanodelivery system exhibited superior biocidal activity against the tested strains compared to free vancomycin and unconjugated AuNPs. The mode of action of PEI-AuNP@Van was cell-type-dependent, involving intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, cell membrane integrity loss, and apoptosis. The development of antimicrobial nanoformulations using AuNPs and efficient conjugation systems offers a promising approach to address antimicrobial drug resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282251327486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T09:43:41Z","timestamp":1742031821000},"page":"145-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Making vancomycin a potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent using polyaziridine-stabilized gold nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Atul Kumar","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology (BHU)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Nikhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prem C.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology (BHU)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8765-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger J.","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munesh Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150335"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.10.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"204237","article-title":"Candida infections, causes, targets, and resistance mechanisms: traditional and alternative antifungal agents","volume":"2013","author":"Spampinato C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spampinato C, Leonardi D. 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