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Addressing this gap, we fabricated 3D-printed alginate-gelatin (3A5G) and nanocellulose-reinforced (3A5G1C) hydrogel\u00a0 scaffolds with clinically relevant dimensions (15\u00a0mm diameter, 5\u00a0mm height) and the host tissue responses were critically analyzed. The distinct advantages of nanocellulose in modulating mechanical strength, viscoelasticity, swelling, and degradation characteristics were established in our prior studies. This investigation aimed to comprehensively evaluate the foreign body response of these scaffolds in a rat model. The animals exhibited healthy metabolic activity, evidenced by progressive weight gain, localized tissue healing, and normal mobility over 30\u00a0days. Histological analyses could not reveal any adverse immune reaction at 7- or 30-days, post-implantation. Hematological and serum biochemical assessments indicated a progression from acute (7\u00a0days) to sub-acute (30\u00a0days) inflammation, following subcutaneous implantation, without any signature of systemic toxicity. Immune marker evaluation (TNF-\u03b1, CD-8, CD-68, COX-2, IL-6) confirmed the absence of pathological immune responses, even with nanocellulose incorporation. Immunohistochemical analysis using CD31 staining demonstrated enhanced vascularization in nanocellulose-reinforced scaffolds at both 7 and 30\u00a0days. The absence of systemic toxicity from scaffold degradation products and the favorable biocompatibility outcomes underline the potential of these hydrogel scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration. The incorporation of nanocellulose further enhanced the scaffolds\u2019 functional performance, particularly in promoting vascularization, positioning them as promising candidates for complex tissue engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282251330744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:28:17Z","timestamp":1744111697000},"page":"192-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of foreign body response and systemic toxicity of additively manufactured nanocellulose reinforced alginate gelatin-based scaffolds with interconnected 3D porous structure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sulob","family":"Roy Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7303-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikramjit","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Biomaterials science and tissue engineering: principles and methods","author":"Basu B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu B. 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