{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:25:16Z","timestamp":1789046716237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52074149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52074149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The degradation behavior and mechanisms of Cu-Fe\/HA composites are investigated in this study, combining experimental analysis with cellular automata simulations to elucidate the synergistic mechanism between Cu and Hydroxyapatite (HA) during the degradation process. The results demonstrate that the corrosion of the Fe matrix exhibits periodic characteristics during corrosion, while the addition of Cu significantly influences the degradation performance of the material. In the early immersion stage (30 days), Cu and Fe form a \u201cFe-Cu galvanic cell\u201d, accelerating the corrosion rate of the sample. In the later immersion stage (180 days), Cu is reduced and deposited on the surface to form a protective film, which instead reduces the degradation rate of samples with higher Cu content (as evidenced by the weight loss rates of 0.04046% and 0.04306% for Cu1-Fe and Cu2-Fe, respectively, compared to only 0.01936% for Cu5-Fe) reflecting a dual role of \u201cinitial acceleration followed by subsequent inhibition.\u201d The introduction of HA further regulates the degradation process. Its preferential degradation leads to the formation of a porous structure in the sample, thereby increasing the contact area between the solution and Fe and accelerating subsequent corrosion of Fe. Combined with cellular automata simulations, the coupling mechanism between corrosion product exfoliation and dynamic Cu deposition was verified, providing theoretical and experimental support for designing controllable-degradation Cu-Fe\/HA composite bone implant materials. The results of biological experiments showed that at an extraction concentration of 12.5 wt. %, the bone cell proliferation rate exceeds 100 %, while the hemolysis rate remains below 2 %, meeting the requirements for biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282261447086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:29:00Z","timestamp":1777897740000},"page":"485-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation into the degradation mechanism of Cu-Fe\/HA biodegradable composite materials based on experiments and simulations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Hong Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingxue","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2014.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"ZN-based alloys as an alternative biodegradable materials","volume":"5","author":"Kub\u00e1sek J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kub\u00e1sek J, Vojt\u011bch D. ZN-based alloys as an alternative biodegradable materials. Conference Proceedings Metal 2012; 5: 23\u201325.","journal-title":"Conference Proceedings Metal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8183.2007.00319.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","article-title":"Development of Fe-10% (HA\/\u03b2-Tricalcium phosphate) composite via solid-state manufacturing route and investigation of material properties for biodegradable implant applications","volume":"26","author":"Bulutsuz AG","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bulutsuz AG, Chrominski W, Bazarnik P, et al. Development of Fe-10% (HA\/\u03b2-Tricalcium phosphate) composite via solid-state manufacturing route and investigation of material properties for biodegradable implant applications. Adv Eng Mater. 2024; 26(11).","journal-title":"Adv Eng Mater"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.5.563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.15-17.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282241310592"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"468","article-title":"Powder-metallurgical preparation and biodegradation property of Fe-Zn alloy","volume":"44","author":"Wang WQ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang WQ, Lu S, Qin M. Powder-metallurgical preparation and biodegradation property of Fe-Zn alloy. Gongneng Cailiao\/Journal of Functional Materials 2013; 44(4): 468\u2013470.","journal-title":"Gongneng Cailiao\/Journal of Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8532-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2022.106793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-020-01071-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-025-07412-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ACMM-06-2021-2496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-024-00447-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomaterials Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08853282261447086","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08853282261447086","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08853282261447086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:19:54Z","timestamp":1789042794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08853282261447086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08853282261447086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08853282261447086","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3282","1530-8022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3282","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}}}