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This study designed macrophage membrane-camouflaged liposomes (M-AN@Lip) for the co-delivery of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and L-arginine (L-Arg), aiming to precisely regulate macrophage NO metabolic homeostasis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that M-AN@Lip effectively increased intracellular NO generation while significantly downregulating the expression of the oxidative stress-related enzyme NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a reprogramming of macrophage NO metabolism from a pathological iNOS-dominated pathway towards a protective one. This metabolic shift was accompanied by clearance of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancement of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme system, and polarization of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Ultimately, M-AN@Lip significantly inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake and foam cell formation by downregulating the expression of scavenger receptors (CD36, MSR1, SRB1). This study demonstrates that a biomimetic nano-system can achieve integrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-foam cell forming effects through the synergistic regulation of NO metabolism, offering a promising novel nanotherapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282261476791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:21:11Z","timestamp":1786519271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Membrane-camouflaged liposomes Co-delivering L-Arg and NMN for reprogramming macrophage nitric oxide metabolism in atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Xuting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangyu People\u2019s Hospital of Shaoxing"},{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangyu People\u2019s Hospital of Shaoxing"},{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhong","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangyu People\u2019s Hospital of Shaoxing"},{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangyu People\u2019s Hospital of Shaoxing"},{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3184-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangyu People\u2019s Hospital of Shaoxing"},{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammation, repair and regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Oishi Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oishi Y, Manabe I. 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