{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:15:54Z","timestamp":1791321354883,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Affilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Women with lived experience of strip searching have been calling for it to be banned as a practice for decades; however, it remains a routine practice in carceral settings such as prisons and jails. Given the mass incarceration of Indigenous women and disproportionate rate of Black women in federal prisons in Canada, an anti-racist and gendered anticolonial analysis of strip searching is warranted. Thus, this paper shares findings from conversations with 23 previously incarcerated women, the majority of whom are Black and Indigenous, about their experiences of being strip searched in prisons. The main theme throughout the conversations was that strip searching is sexual violence by the state. Furthermore, the harms of strip searching are gendered in that women are forced to remove their tampons and pads during menstruation to show guards. The paper also elucidates the ways in which strip searching enacts misogynoiristic and colonial genocidal logics historically rooted in projects such as Indian Residential Schools and the enslavement of Black women. It ends with a call for abolition feminist social work praxis by meeting the direct needs of women who are strip searched while also advocating for it to be banned as a practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08861099241297153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T03:01:31Z","timestamp":1731553291000},"page":"358-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Gendered, Misogynoiristic, and Colonial Genocidal Logics of Strip Searching"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8591-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Hutchison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Kitchener, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Kaandossiwin: How we come to know","author":"Absolon K. E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Absolon K. E. (2011). Kaandossiwin: How we come to know. Fernwood Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Kaandossiwin: How we come to know: Indigenous re-Search methodologies","author":"Absolon K. E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Absolon K. E. (2022). Kaandossiwin: How we come to know: Indigenous re-Search methodologies. Fernwood Publishing."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Declarations of whiteness: The non-performativity of antiracism","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahmed S. (2004). Declarations of whiteness: The non-performativity of antiracism. Borderlands, 3(2), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Borderlands"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"A recognition of being: Reconstructing Native womanhood","author":"Anderson K.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson K. (2016). A recognition of being: Reconstructing Native womanhood. Canadian Scholars\u2019 Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479803392.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2018.1447395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies. (2021). Human rights in action: In prison. https:\/\/caefs.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/HRIA_2021_WEB_English_FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment","author":"Collins P. H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Collins P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"The hanging of Angelique: The untold story of Canadian slavery and the burning of Old Montreal","author":"Cooper A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cooper A. (2006). The hanging of Angelique: The untold story of Canadian slavery and the burning of Old Montreal. Harper Collins Publishers Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Correctional Service of Canada. (2017). Searching of offenders. https:\/\/www.csc-scc.gc.ca\/politiques-et-lois\/566-7-cd-eng.shtml#s7."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Correctional Service of Canada. (2020). Access to information request \u2013 strip searches in women\u2019s federal prisons."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Corrections and Conditional Release Act SC. (1992). https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/C-44.6\/index.html."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"1418","article-title":"From private violence to mass incarceration: Thinking intersectionally about women, race, and social control","volume":"59","author":"Crenshaw K. W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. W. (2012). From private violence to mass incarceration: Thinking intersectionally about women, race, and social control. UCLA Law Review, 59(6), 1418\u20131472.","journal-title":"UCLA Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00064246.1971.11431201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Are prisons obsolete?","author":"Davis A. Y.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis A. Y. (2003). Are prisons obsolete? Seven Stories Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Abolition. Feminism. Now","author":"Davis A. Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davis A. Y., Dent G., Meiners E. R., Richie B. E. (2022). Abolition. Feminism. Now. Haymarket Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/minnesota\/9780816696314.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Raping Indian country","volume":"38","author":"Deer S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deer S., Warner E. A. K. (2019). Raping Indian country. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 38(1), 31\u201395.","journal-title":"Columbia Journal of Gender and Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Sexual assault by the state","volume":"18","author":"George A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"George A. (1993). Sexual assault by the state. Alternative Legal Journal, 18(1), 31\u201333.","journal-title":"Alternative Legal Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. (2015). Searching of offenders: Commissioner\u2019s Directives. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/correctional-service\/corporate\/acts-regulations-policy\/commissioners-directives\/566-7.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. (2024). Indigenous peoples and communities. https:\/\/www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca\/eng\/1100100013785\/1529102490303."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","volume-title":"Scenes of subjection: Terror, slavery, and self-making in nineteenth-century America","author":"Hartman S. V.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hartman S. V. (1997). Scenes of subjection: Terror, slavery, and self-making in nineteenth-century America. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","volume-title":"Feminist theory: From center to margin","author":"hooks B.","year":"1984","unstructured":"hooks B. (1984). Feminist theory: From center to margin. South End Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"\u201cBend over and spread your butt cheeks\u201d: Access to justice for women strip searched in prison","volume":"8","author":"Hutchison J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hutchison J. (2019). \u201cBend over and spread your butt cheeks\u201d: Access to justice for women strip searched in prison. Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research, 8, 65\u201390.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109919878274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Towards a decolonial abolition feminist methodology: A research project exploring women\u2019s experiences of strip searching in prison","volume":"12","author":"Hutchison J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hutchison J. (2024). Towards a decolonial abolition feminist methodology: A research project exploring women\u2019s experiences of strip searching in prison. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Polity, and Practice, 12, 46\u201369.","journal-title":"Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Polity, and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","unstructured":"International Federation of Social Workers. (2019). Global definition of social work. https:\/\/www.ifsw.org\/what-is-social-work\/global-definition-of-social-work\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08861099231219848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvbnm3fz"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"No more police: A case for abolition","author":"Kaba M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaba M., Ritchie A. J. (2022). No more police: A case for abolition. The New Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18192\/jpp.v12i0.5469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2018.1474827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversations, and contexts","author":"Kovach M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kovach M. (2021). Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversations, and contexts (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","unstructured":"Legal Defense Fund. (2022). The crown act. https:\/\/www.naacpldf.org\/crown-act\/#:\u223c:text=The%20legislation%20demands%20protection%20against hair%20texture%20and%20protective%20styles."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Policing Black lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present","author":"Maynard R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maynard R. (2017). Policing Black lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present. Fernwood Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","volume-title":"Rehearsals for living","author":"Maynard R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maynard R., Simpson L. (2022). Rehearsals for living. Knopf Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"The violence of incarceration","author":"McCulloch J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCulloch J., George A. (2009). Naked power: Strip searching in women\u2019s prisons. In Scraton P., McCulloch J. (Eds.), The violence of incarceration (pp. 107\u2013123). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","unstructured":"Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Inquiry. (2019). Reclaiming power and place. https:\/\/www.mmiwg-ffada.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Final_Report_Vol_1a-1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"The colonial problem: An Indigenous perspective on crime and injustice in Canada","author":"Monchalin L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monchalin L. (2016). The colonial problem: An Indigenous perspective on crime and injustice in Canada. University of Toronto Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Thunder in my soul: A Mohawk woman speaks","author":"Monture-Angus P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Monture-Angus P. (1995). Thunder in my soul: A Mohawk woman speaks. Fernwood Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","unstructured":"Office of the Correctional Investigator. (2022). Annual report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2021\u20132022. https:\/\/oci-bec.gc.ca\/index.php\/en\/content\/office-correctional-investigator-annual-report-2021-2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Strip searching as sexual assault","volume":"27","author":"Pereira C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pereira C. (2001). Strip searching as sexual assault. Hecate, 27(2), 187\u2013196.","journal-title":"Hecate"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085106297521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428230903306344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269758012447219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","first-page":"933","article-title":"Bias, employment discrimination, and black women\u2019s hair: Another way forward","volume":"4","author":"Powell C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Powell C. (2018). Bias, employment discrimination, and black women\u2019s hair: Another way forward. Brigham Young University Law Review, 4, 933\u2013968.","journal-title":"Brigham Young University Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","volume-title":"Dying from improvement: Inquests and inquiries into Indigenous deaths in custody","author":"Razack S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Razack S. (2015). Dying from improvement: Inquests and inquiries into Indigenous deaths in custody. University of Toronto Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Theorizing empowerment: Canadian perspectives on black feminist thought","author":"Reece R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reece R. (2007). Canadian Black feminist thought and scholar-activist praxis. In Wane N. N., Massaquoi N. (Eds.), Theorizing empowerment: Canadian perspectives on black feminist thought (pp. 266\u2013284). Inanna Publications and Education Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"Reece R. (2010). Caged (no)bodies: Exploring the racialized and gendered politics of incarceration of Black women in the Canadian prison system [Doctoral dissertation York University]. Library and Archives Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","unstructured":"Reece R.. (2020). Carceral redlining: White supremacy is a weapon of mass incarceration for Indigenous and Black peoples in Canada.https:\/\/yellowheadinstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/carceral-redlining-r-reece-yellowhead-institute-brief.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of battered Black women","author":"Richie B. E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richie B. E. (1996). Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of battered Black women. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","volume-title":"Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America\u2019s prison nation","author":"Richie B. E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richie B. E. (2012). Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America\u2019s prison nation. New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109919897576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","volume-title":"Invisible no more: Police violence against Black women and women of color","author":"Ritchie A. J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ritchie A. J. (2017). Invisible no more: Police violence against Black women and women of color. Beacon Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0614-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Assata: An autobiography","author":"Shakur A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shakur A. (1987). Assata: An autobiography. Lawrence Hill Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctt1pwt77c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","unstructured":"Smith L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800414530265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","volume-title":"Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods","author":"Wilson S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilson S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Fernwood Publishing."}],"container-title":["Affilia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08861099241297153","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08861099241297153","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08861099241297153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:53:04Z","timestamp":1777366384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08861099241297153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08861099241297153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08861099241297153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-1099","1552-3020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-1099","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]}}}