{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:56:54Z","timestamp":1790452614902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to identify the impact of drinking problems, impulsivity, and a history of childhood physical abuse on both male-to-female (MFIPV) and female-to-male intimate partner violence (FMIPV). The data were collected in 1995 from a representative national sample of couples living in the contiguous 48 states. Using a multistage probability sampling design, face-to-face interviews were conducted in respondents\u2019homes, privately with each member of 1, 635 couples. A complex path model building on earlier work was tested for African American, Hispanic, and White couples separately. Multiple-group path analysis demonstrated that impulsivity, alcohol problems, and childhood physical abuse were differentially associated with reports of MFIPV and FMIPV as a function of ethnicity. This study suggests that a history of being physically harmed by parental figures during childhood, impulsivity, and drinking problems are all risk factors for intimate partner violence in the general household population in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503260244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,27]],"date-time":"2004-05-27T11:37:22Z","timestamp":1085657842000},"page":"127-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["A Path Model of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence among Couples in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Schafer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas, Dallas Regional Campus Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol B.","family":"Cunradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778010022182173"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Burnam, M. A. (1989). Prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites in the community. In D. L. Spiegler, D. A. Tate, S. S. Aitken, & C. M. Christian (Eds.), Alcohol use among U.S. ethnic minorities: Proceedings of a conference on the epidemiology of alcohol use and abuse among ethnic minority groups (pp. 163-177). Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768961"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01546.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1989.50.580"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Caetano, R. C., Cunradi, C. B., Clark, C. L. & Schafer, J. (1998, June 20-25). Alcohol-related problems and intimate partner violence among White, Black and Hispanic couples in the U.S. Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Hilton Head, SC."},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Caetano, R. C. & Herd, D. (1988).Drinking in different social contexts among White, Black and Hispanic men. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 61, 243-258."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1995.56.558"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Collins, J. J. & Messerschmidt, P. M. (1993). Epidemiology of alcohol-related violence. Alcohol, Health & Research World, 17, 93-100."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04672.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, A. D. & McCown, W. G. (1993). Impulsivity in children and adolescents: Measurement, causes, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10500-015"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.1978.9986964"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978715"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03011.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800611"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.61"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.1.2.101"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, D. & Saunders, B. (1997). Prevalence and consequences of child victimization: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents, Final Report. NCJ 181028. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.","DOI":"10.1037\/e518442006-001"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Lehtonen, R. & Pahkinen, E. J. (1995). Practical methods for design and analysis of complex surveys. Chichester, UK: Wiley."},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Leonard, K. E. (1993). Drinking patterns and intoxication in marital violence: Review, critique, and future directions for research. In S.E. Martin (Ed.), Alcohol and interpersonal violence: Fostering multidisciplinary perspectives (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 24) (pp. 253-280). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.369"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Miller, T. R., Cohen, M. A. & Wiersema, B. (1996). Victim costs and consequences: A new look. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice."},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K. & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (2000). Mplus, version 2.01. Los Angeles: Author."},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2000). Safe from the start: Taking action on children exposed to violence (NCJ 182789). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice."},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.3.594"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pernanen, K. (1976). Alcohol and crimes of violence. In The biology of alcoholism: Social aspects of alcoholism (pp. 351-444). New York: Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9495-3_10"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Pernanen, K. (1991). Alcohol in human violence. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"Plutchik, R. & van Praag, H. M. (1997). Suicide, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 101-108). New York: John Wiley."},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Porcellini, L. & Lombard, C. S. (1997). 1995 National Alcohol Survey (NAS): Sampling, weighting and sampling error methodology. Philadelphia: Temple University, Institute for Survey Research."},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Reider, E. E., Zucker, R. A., Noll, R. B., Maguin, E. T. & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1988, June). Alcohol involvement and family violence in a high-risk sample: I. Spousal violence. Paper presented at the 96th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Roizen, J. (1993). Issues in the epidemiology of alcohol and violence. In S. E. Martin (Ed.), Alcohol and interpersonal violence: Fostering multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 3-36). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism."},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3002019"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Schafer, J. (1994). Latent class and factor analyses of the 1990 National Alcohol Survey adult items (Tech. Report No. C75). Berkeley, CA: Alcohol Research Group."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Schafer, J., Caetano, R. C. & Clark, C. (1997, June). Alcohol-related spousal violence in a national sample of couples. Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, San Francisco."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.11.1702"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.1.35"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519809540115"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00981767"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. & Gelles, R. J. (1990). Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8, 145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishing.","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.5.4.297"},{"key":"atypb42","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. & Kaufman Kantor, G. (1994, July). Change in spouse assault rates from 1975 to 1992: A comparison of three national surveys in the United States. Paper presented to the 13th World Congress of Sociology."},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.3.323"},{"key":"atypb44","unstructured":"Webster, C. D. & Jackson, M. A. (Eds.). (1997). Impulsivity: Theory, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb45","unstructured":"Widom, C. S. (1997). Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 159-170). New York: John Wiley."},{"key":"atypb46","unstructured":"Wilsnack, S. C. & Beckman, L. J. (Eds.). (1994). Alcohol problems in women. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb47","unstructured":"Wolter, K. M. (1985). Introduction to variance estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"atypb48","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2000). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/vaw\/table_physicalviole.htm"},{"key":"atypb49","unstructured":"Wright, S. (1921). Correlation and causation. Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 557-585."}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260503260244","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260503260244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:09:58Z","timestamp":1777504198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260503260244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260503260244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260503260244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}