{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:46:24Z","timestamp":1783975584401,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Positive psychologists found the increase of seven character strengths that encompass the so-called theological virtues, including hope and spirituality, in Americans after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Little is known about how they may affect post-September 11, 2001, mental health. Using multivariate analysis, this study investigated the relationship of hope and spiritual meaning with depression and anxiety in a sample of 457 students 3 months after September 11, 2001. Both characters contributed to lower levels of symptoms. In qualitative analysis, of 313 answers to an open-ended question regarding personal change, four categories emerged. The first three were consonant with other studies on posttraumatic growth (PTG), including changes in the self or behavior, relationships, and worldviews. The fourth category unique to September 11, 2001, was changes in political views. These findings offer further credence to the study of positive aspects resulting from violence-related trauma and highlight the needs for addressing the nature of traumatic events and PTG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504272896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,23]],"date-time":"2005-03-23T12:47:47Z","timestamp":1111582067000},"page":"523-548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Hope, Meaning, and Growth Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington-Seattle,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Cascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda K.","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Evans-Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington-Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1985.3.3.367"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00948.x"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3050-2"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.55.1.29"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"The traumatic impact of September11 terrorist attack and potential protection of optimism","author":"Ai, A. L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb6","author":"Ai, A. L.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Interpersonal and intrapersonal mediative religious coping: A perspective study of distress in cardiac patients","author":"Ai, A. L."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327582IJPR1301_04"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105304042352"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Health, stress, and coping","author":"Antonovsky, A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Treatise in the virtues","author":"Aquinas, T.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.20.3.366.22304"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9674-1"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Developmental psychology","author":"Baltes, P. B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.6.979"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2502_11"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626087002001004"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007745627077"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis","author":"Calhoun, L. G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009164718801600205"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5887-2"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.1.19"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.6.S269"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1990.8.3.263"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"2751","volume":"6","author":"Cotton, S. P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7378.1434"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00844815"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.6.1257"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"463","volume":"4","author":"Ebersole, P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Social Behavior and Personality"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.4.608"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Man\u2019s search for meaning","author":"Frankl, V.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa013404"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Fourth generation evaluation","author":"Guba, E.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00009"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026259115029"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"488","volume-title":"Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective","author":"Janoff-Bulman, R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"92","volume":"12","author":"Lechman, D. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.3.S137"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.7.1640"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Toward a psychology of being","author":"Maslow, A.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01222.x"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.733"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.6.1037"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173526"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.43.3.213"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1996.tb01866.x"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035613"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice","author":"Pargament, K. I.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Multidimensional measurement of religiousness\/spirituality for use in health research","author":"Pargament, K. I.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00815.x"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.1.2.115"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02315.x"},{"key":"atypb53","unstructured":"Perryman, K. V. (2003). Purpose in life, meaning, and prayer: Patterns among intercessory prayer providers.\n                      Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering\n                      ,\n                      63\n                      , 6103."},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195044669.001.0001","volume-title":"Learned helplessness\u2014A theory for the age of personal control","author":"Peterson, C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.24482"},{"key":"atypb56","volume-title":"Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook","author":"Peterson, C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.10.1322"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"atypb59","volume-title":"On becoming a person","author":"Rogers, C.","year":"1961"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.5"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00144-1"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.10.1235"},{"key":"atypb63","volume-title":"The psychology of hope: You can get there from here","author":"Snyder, C. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications","author":"Snyder, C. R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.4.570"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.6.620"},{"key":"atypb67","volume-title":"September 11, 2001 victims","author":"Spektor, A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb68","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y)","author":"Spielberger, C. D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/56.6.P364"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483326931"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0078709"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp0604_1"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009164719802600203"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1387689"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260504272896","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260504272896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:10:32Z","timestamp":1777504232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260504272896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260504272896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260504272896","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}}}