{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:30:01Z","timestamp":1788967801674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,13]],"date-time":"2008-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1202860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article develops an imbalance theory to explain physical violence against women in intimate relationships in South Africa. The theory proposes four typologies: dependence, compensation, submission, and transgression, through which imbalances in resource contribution and power distribution between spouses are hypothesized to contribute to violence. The dependence hypothesis suggests that economic dependence of the wife will lead to more violence. The compensation hypothesis argues that the husband will use force to compensate for his inability to live up to the male-provider norm. The submission hypothesis suggests that violence will increase due to the submission of women in male-dominated families. Finally, the transgression hypothesis argues that men in female-dominated families will use force to punish their wives for supposedly transgressing the gender norm of male dominance. Empirical evidence provided some support for the dependence, submission, and transgression hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507313951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T21:32:51Z","timestamp":1203629571000},"page":"834-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Wife Beating in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Susanne Y. P.","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Fai","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"atypb1","first-page":"330","volume":"82","author":"Abrahams, N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Health Organization Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Allen, C.M. & Straus, M.A. (1980). Resources, power, and husband-wife violence. In M. A. Straus & G. T. Hotaling (Eds.), The social causes of husband-wife violence (pp. 188-208). 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(1983). An exchange\/social control theory. In D. Finkelhor, R. J. Gelles , G. T. Hotaling, & M. A. Straus (Eds.), The dark side of families (pp. 151-165). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Intimate violence in families","author":"Gelles, R.J.","year":"1997","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00207.x"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/349435"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057078708708158"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Guy, J. (1990). Gender oppression in southern Africa's precapitalist societies. In C. Walker (Ed.), Women and gender in southern Africa to 1945 (pp. 33-47). Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip."},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351768"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"Jasinski, J.L. (2001). Theoretical explanations for violence against women. In C. M. Renzetti, J. L. Edleson, & R. K. 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