{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:29:49Z","timestamp":1777854589311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]],"date-time":"2011-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two waves of longitudinal data from 1,049 African American youth living in extreme poverty are used to examine the impact of exposure to violence (Time 1) and violent behavior (Time 1) on first time gun carrying (Time 2). Multivariate logistic regression results indicate that (a) violent behavior (Time 1) increased the likelihood of initiation of gun carrying (Time 2) by 76% after controlling for exposure to violence at Time 1, which is consistent with the stepping stone model of youth gun carrying, and (b) youth who were both exposed to violence at Time 1 and engaged in violent behavior at Time 1 were more than 2.5 times more likely to initiate gun carrying at Time 2 compared to youth who had neither of these characteristics, which supports the cumulative risk model of youth gun carrying. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in clarifying the role of violence in the community on youth gun carrying and the primary prevention of youth gun violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511416471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]],"date-time":"2011-08-22T21:15:11Z","timestamp":1314047711000},"page":"158-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Specifying the Role of Exposure to Violence and Violent Behavior on Initiation of Gun Carrying"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Spano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Alex","family":"Pridemore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1143998"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00829.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260511416471","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). The prevention of youth violence: A framework for community action. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dhdsp\/CDCynergy_training\/Content\/activeinformation\/resources\/Youth_Violence_Framework.pdf"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260511416471","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009a). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: WISQARS fatal and nonfatal injury reports. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260511416471","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009b). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: CDC injury research agenda, 2009-2018. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 22, 2010, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncipc"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.085340"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449086"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449183"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449277"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652218"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.05.001"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00881.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199303000-00026"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602739"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.15.3.257"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1192209"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.6.1120"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024610211625"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.12.050191.000313"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800663"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449270"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.445"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00296.x"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2802_3"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.044560"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.8.746"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480220089034"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260511416471","volume-title":"In the line of fire: Youth, guns, and violence in urban America","author":"Shelly J. F.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260511416471","volume-title":"Aggression & Violent Behavior","author":"Spano R."},{"key":"bibr30-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128710372196"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2010.547868"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260511416471","first-page":"681","volume-title":"Journal of Youth & Adolescence","volume":"35","author":"Spano R."},{"key":"bibr33-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854810377164"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.12.003"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260511416471","volume-title":"Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology: A practical guide","author":"Twisk J. W. R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820200095191"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260511416471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011329130712"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260511416471","volume-title":"Armed and considered dangerous: A survey of felons and their firearms","author":"Wright J. D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260511416471","volume-title":"Under the gun: Weapons, crime, and violence in America","author":"Wright J. J.","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260511416471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260511416471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260511416471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:10:16Z","timestamp":1777504216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260511416471"}},"subtitle":["A Longitudinal Test of Three Models of Youth Gun Carrying"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260511416471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260511416471","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]]}}}