{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:57:24Z","timestamp":1794009444076,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health problem. IPV prevalence in Indonesia has been estimated to be less than 1%, based on reported cases. It is likely that IPV prevalence is underreported in Indonesia, as it is in many other countries. Screening for IPV has been found to increase IPV identification, but no screening tools are in use in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to test the translated Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) for detecting IPV in Indonesia. The WAST was tested against a diagnostic interview by a trained psychologist on 240 women attending two Primary Health Centers in Jakarta. IPV prevalence and the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the WAST were estimated. Prevalence of IPV by diagnostic interview was 36.3%, much higher than published estimates. The most common forms of IPV identified were psychological (85%) and physical abuse (24%). Internal reliability of the WAST was high (\u03b1 = .801). A WAST score of 13 (out of 24) is the recommended cutoff for identifying IPV, but only 17% of the Indonesian sample scored 13 or higher. Test sensitivity of the WAST with a cutoff score of 13 was only 41.9%, with a specificity of 96.8%. With a cutoff score of 10, the sensitivity improved to 84.9%, while the specificity decreased to 61.0%. Use of the WAST with a cutoff score of 10 provides good sensitivity and reasonable specificity and would provide a much-needed screening tool for use in Indonesia. Although a lower cutoff would yield a greater proportion of false positives, most of the true cases would be identified, increasing the possibility that women experiencing abuse would receive needed assistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514539844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,11]],"date-time":"2014-07-11T00:03:21Z","timestamp":1405037001000},"page":"1208-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Testing the Woman Abuse Screening Tool to Identify Intimate Partner Violence in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Livia","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300115"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260514539844","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence and sexual violence victimization assessment instruments for use in healthcare settings","author":"Basile K. C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260514539844","first-page":"422","volume":"28","author":"Brown J. B.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260514539844","first-page":"896","volume":"49","author":"Brown J. B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260514539844","volume-title":"Roadmaps for clinical practice: Case studies in disease prevention and health promotion\u2014Intimate partner violence","author":"Brown R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260514539844","first-page":"CR197","volume":"8","author":"Ernst A. A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260514539844","volume-title":"WHO Multi-country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women\u2019s responses","author":"Garcia-Moreno C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260514539844","volume-title":"Primary prevention of intimate-partner violence and sexual violence: Background paper for WHO expert meeting","author":"Harvey A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-11-52"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013515759"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2008.10.002"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260514539844","volume-title":"Law on the elimination of domestic violence","author":"Indonesia Department of Justice","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260514539844","unstructured":"Indonesia Ministry of Health. (2009). Policy on violence against women and child abuse in primary health centers. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gizikia.depkes.go.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2011\/01\/PEDOMAN-PENGEMBANGAN-PKM-KtA.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260514539844","unstructured":"Indonesian National Commission on Violence Against Women. (2011). 2010 End of Year Report. Jakarta: Author. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.komnasperempuan.or.id\/category\/publikasi\/catatan-tahunan\/"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260514539844","unstructured":"Indonesian National Commission on Violence Against Women. (2012). 2011 End of Year Report. Jakarta: Author. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.komnasperempuan.or.id\/category\/publikasi\/catatan-tahunan\/"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260514539844","volume-title":"Clinical preventive services for women: Closing the gaps","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504268602"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00588"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1059\/0003-4819-156-11-201206050-00447"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.12.019"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0237-2"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.024"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511423246"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007007.pub2"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260514539844","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2013). Screening for intimate partner violence and abuse of elderly and vulnerable adults. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/uspsipv.htm"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2013.19.3.219"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260514539844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2008.08.003"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260514539844","first-page":"641","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Weiss N. 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