{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:00:43Z","timestamp":1782817243663,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,6]],"date-time":"2014-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The shadow hypothesis regarding the impact of fear of sexual assault on fear of violent crime suggests that female fear of crime is characterized by concern about sexual assault as a contemporaneous victimization event during a violent crime event. Recent research has found that other types of crime, namely physical assault, may also be feared as a contemporaneous offense. We know of no research that has examined the unique impact of fear of murder versus fear of sexual assault on fear of violent crime. There is also a lack of research that explores how these two types of fear uniquely affect men and women. In addition to gender, we examine factors that have been suggested in previous research to correlate with fear of crime: race, victimization, vicarious victimization, and perceived risk. Through survey methodology, this research examines the unique relationship between both fear of murder and fear of sexual assault and fear of three types of violent crime for men and women. Results suggest differences in how fear of murder and fear of sexual assault are related to fear of other types of violence for men and women. Specifically, fear of murder is important in estimating male fear of robbery and aggravated assault. However, fear of sexual assault is almost as important as fear of murder for men in estimating fear of home invasion. Similarly, for women, fear of sexual assault and fear of murder both are significant factors associated with fear of violent crime, and differences between the levels of significance are marginal. This study is a first to examine whether murder may also be feared as a contemporaneous offense. The results are informative in identifying what drives fear of crime, particularly violent crime, for both men and women. Avenues for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514553117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T23:01:30Z","timestamp":1415401290000},"page":"2383-2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Shadow of Physical Harm? Examining the Unique and Gendered Relationship Between Fear of Murder Versus Fear of Sexual Assault on Fear of Violent Crime"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Riggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00807.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047733"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00872.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2577738"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00122.x"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.02.006"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azq065"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778010122182794"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260514553117","volume-title":"Homicide","author":"Daly M.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr10-0886260514553117","first-page":"289","volume":"16","author":"Day K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260514553117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09663690120050742"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260514553117","volume-title":"Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method","author":"Dillman D.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr13-0886260514553117","first-page":"105","volume":"2","author":"Dobbs R. 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