{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:35:29Z","timestamp":1784291729035,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]],"date-time":"2014-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Women\u2019s greatest risk of violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) may come from an intimate partner, but few studies have analyzed context-specific risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) in the DRC. This study analyzed data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Congo to assess risk and protective factors for IPV and the role of women\u2019s status, a factor implicated in prior IPV research. Using a sample of 1,821 married or cohabiting women between the ages of 15 and 49, four logistic regression models tested relationships between physical, sexual, emotional, or any violence and independent variables of interest. Results indicated that 68.2% of respondents had experienced at least one of the three types of IPV. An attitude of acceptance toward spousal violence was associated with increased risk for physical and emotional IPV. Women who were the only wife of their husband were half as likely to experience IPV compared with women whose husbands had other wives or women who did not know their husbands\u2019 marital status. Partner\u2019s use of alcohol was associated with nearly doubled risk for both physical and sexual IPV. The study\u2019s results indicate that IPV occurs frequently and is justified as acceptable by many women in the DRC. Findings suggest that awareness-raising campaigns may be a helpful intervention and that partner characteristics should be considered when assessing women\u2019s risk for IPV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514553118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T23:35:46Z","timestamp":1413329746000},"page":"2526-2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Women\u2019s Status and Intimate Partner Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sarah Myers","family":"Tlapek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.113738"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510390951"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1002_3"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.039"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260514553118","unstructured":"Bunch C. (1997). The intolerable status quo: Violence against women and girls. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/pon97\/40-49.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260514553118","unstructured":"DRC Ministry of Gender, Family, & Children. (2009). National strategy to fight against gender-based violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/monusco.unmissions.org\/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RxbG_S-GaVo="},{"key":"bibr8-0886260514553118","volume-title":"Demographic and Health Survey 2007","author":"DRC Ministry of Planning","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2001.00001.x"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801298004003002"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1389-4"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1086"},{"issue":"25","key":"bibr15-0886260514553118","first-page":"2","volume":"5","author":"Kelly J. T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conflict and Health"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260514553118","volume-title":"A focus on gender: Collected papers on gender using DHS data","author":"Kishor S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2006.0014"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260514553118","unstructured":"Kishor S., Neitzel K. (1996). The status of women: Indicators for twenty-five countries (DHS Comparative Studies No. 21). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/publications\/publication-CS21-Comparative-Reports.cfm"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.21.5.645"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300347"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300410"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260514553118","unstructured":"Lwambo D. (2011). \u201cBefore the war, I was a man\u201d: Men and masculinities in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. (HEAL Africa Report). Retrieved from HEAL Africa website: http:\/\/www.healafrica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/10\/men-and-masculinities-in-eastern-dr-congo.pdf"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300070"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260514553118","unstructured":"Rutstein S. O., Johnson K. (2004). The DHS wealth index (DHS Comparative Studies No. 6). Retrieved from https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/CR6\/CR6.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260514553118","unstructured":"Sonke Gender Justice & Promundo-US. (2012). Gender relations, sexual violence, and the effects of conflict on women and men in North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.genderjustice.org.za\/"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2003.09.001"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260514553118","unstructured":"U.S. Department of State. (2011). Country reports on human rights practices for 2011: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2011humanrightsreport\/index.htm?dlid=186183"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08221-1"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260514553118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.5.690"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260514553118","unstructured":"World Bank. (2009). The costs of violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT\/Resources\/244362-1239390842422\/6012763-1239905793229\/costs_of_violence.pdf"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260514553118","volume-title":"Putting women\u2019s safety first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260514553118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260514553118","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260514553118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:16Z","timestamp":1777504576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260514553118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260514553118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260514553118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]}}}