{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:36:55Z","timestamp":1777855015064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of medicine for children suspected of having been sexually abused has advanced significantly since the 1980s. Newer tests such as DNA and nucleic acid amplification have added to the detection of perpetrators and disease, respectively. Non-acute examination physical findings are seen in only 5% to 10% of instances. Physical findings regarding the hymen and anus have been found to often be normal variants\u2014findings that some used to regard as signs of sexual abuse. Newer considerations for clinicians include Internet child pornography, human trafficking, and use of video\/photographic recording. New technologies such as high definition digital photography and telemedicine help to document abuse in a much improved way than existed several decades ago. Nevertheless, the basic approach of careful history-taking remains a bedrock for the diagnosis of child sexual abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516657354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T04:34:19Z","timestamp":1468298059000},"page":"826-852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medical Evaluations Then and Now"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Randell","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida\u2013Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1244"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.606107"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00904481-20090918-03"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.607752"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(83)90069-8"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260516657354","volume-title":"Chadwick\u2019s child maltreatment, Vol. 2: Sexual abuse and psychological maltreatment","author":"Chadwick D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199931224.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.607424"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.100"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.627829"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.3.506","volume":"88","author":"De Jong A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.622356"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.607406"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260516657354","volume-title":"Medical evaluation of child sexual abuse: A practical guide","author":"Finkel M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90077-7"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e534942013-001"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(96)00127-5"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.42"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260516657354","volume-title":"Evaluation of the sexually abused child: A medical textbook and photographic atlas book","author":"Heger A.","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(01)00136-X"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.829"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260516657354","volume-title":"Child abuse and neglect: Diagnosis, treatment and evidence","author":"Jenny C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1741"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1336"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e67"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050270019004"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.03.002"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260516657354","first-page":"411","volume":"141","author":"Ladson S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Diseases of Children"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559500005001009"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260516657354","volume-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment","author":"Myers J.","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260516657354","volume-title":"Child abuse medical diagnosis & management","author":"Reece R.","year":"2009","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260516657354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.606106"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260516657354","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260516657354","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260516657354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:07Z","timestamp":1777504687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260516657354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260516657354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516657354","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]}}}