{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:53:22Z","timestamp":1788472402897,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior research has found that pimps use both non-coercive and coercive management styles across and within market segments of the illicit sex trade. The current study is the first to examine the socialization processes underlying variation in the self-reported coerciveness of pimps. This study begins to fill a void in the almost non-existent research on pimps who are actively managing Internet-solicited sex workers, and adds to the sparse research on pimps\u2019 coerciveness. We extend Anderson\u2019s concepts of \u201cstreet code\u201d families, where respect is acquired through displaying physical violence and toughness, and \u201cdecent\u201d families, where middle class values of avoiding unnecessary aggression and complying with the law prevail, to understand variation in the degree of coerciveness that pimps utilize toward sex workers. A purposive sample of 44 active pimps was obtained through referrals from selected pimps and through placing advertisements on Backpage, a website utilized by the illicit prostitution trade. Qualitative coding revealed a wide range of coercive control tactics such as supplying drugs, surveillance, and physical violence. Pimps who served as sex workers and those raised by parents who supported \u201cthe code of the street\u201d reported use of a greater number of more severe coercive tactics. College-educated pimps, pimps operating business that charged fees of at least US$300, and those from \u201cdecent\u201d families were more likely to use non-coercive management. These findings suggest that early prevention programs might address the \u201cstreet code\u201d mentality that contributes to coerciveness, and that \u201cEnd Demand\u201d policies need to recognize that many male pimps also have served as sex workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516675919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T20:11:17Z","timestamp":1478117477000},"page":"4498-4521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Defining and Predicting Pimps\u2019 Coerciveness Toward Sex Workers: Socialization Processes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Loretta J.","family":"Stalans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260516675919","volume-title":"Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city","author":"Anderson E.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10511253.2010.516562"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460714531271"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.3.286"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dank M., Khan B., Downey P. M., Kotonias C., Mayer D., Owens C. Yu L. (2014). Estimating the size and structure of the underground commercial sex economy in eight major US cities. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.urban.org\/sites\/default\/files\/alfresco\/publication-pdfs\/413047-Estimating-the-Size-and-Structure-of-the-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy-in-Eight-Major-US-Cities.PDF","DOI":"10.1037\/e508162014-001"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639621003748746"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204268607"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr8-0886260516675919","volume":"14","author":"Gl\u00e4ser J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293328"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v15n02_01"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260516675919","first-page":"409","volume":"96","author":"Kim K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iowa Law Review"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-011-9120-3"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260516675919","unstructured":"Kristof N. (2012, January 25). How pimps use the web to sell girls. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/01\/26\/opinion\/how-pimps-use-the-web-to-sell-girls.html?_r=0"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260516675919","volume-title":"Girls like us: Fighting for a world where girls are not for sale, an activist finds her calling and heals herself","author":"Lloyd R.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639620500218252"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214521993"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260516675919","volume-title":"For love or money: Pimps and the management of sex work","author":"May T.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260516675919","volume-title":"Black players: The secret world of black pimps","author":"Milner C.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214521995"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427814565904"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260516675919","volume-title":"From victims to victimizers: Interviews with 25 ex-pimps in Chicago","author":"Raphael J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801203260529"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00231.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr24-0886260516675919","first-page":"17","volume":"2","author":"Stark C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma Practice"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820600552378"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00196.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410383121"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-013-9436-z"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032329207304319"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-120025"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260516675919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112506"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260516675919","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260516675919","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260516675919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:14:47Z","timestamp":1777504487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260516675919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21-22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260516675919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516675919","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}}}