{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:46:07Z","timestamp":1782355567563,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,26]],"date-time":"2017-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the effects of repeated questions ( n = 7,968) on fifty-six 5- to 17-year-olds\u2019 testimony in child sexual abuse cases in Scottish criminal courts. We examined transcripts of direct- and cross-examinations, categorizing how lawyers asked repeated questions in court and how children responded. Defense lawyers repeated more questions (39.6% of all questions asked) than prosecutors (30.6%) and repeated questions using more suggestive prompts (52% of their repeated questions) than prosecutors (18%) did. In response, children typically repeated or elaborated on their answers and seldom contradicted themselves. Self-contradictions were most often elicited by repeated suggestive prompts posed by defense lawyers. Younger children were asked more repeated questions than older children, but child age was not associated with the types of questions repeated or with how children responded to repetition. Questions repeated after delays elicited more self-contradictions than questions repeated immediately. Most repeated questions (69.2%) were repeated more than once, yet no \u201casked-and-answered\u201d objections were ever raised. Overall, the findings suggested that lawyers frequently ask children \u201crisky\u201d repeated questions. Official judicial guidance and training is needed to help identify and limit the inappropriate repetition of questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517725739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,26]],"date-time":"2017-08-26T05:45:55Z","timestamp":1503726355000},"page":"276-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lawyers\u2019 Question Repetition and Children\u2019s Responses in Scottish Criminal Courts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele University, Staffordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000064"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3286"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000152"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3103"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260517725739","first-page":"776","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology","volume":"4","author":"Bruck M.","year":"2006","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12001"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.14678624.2011.01704.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260517725739","unstructured":"Home Office. (2011). Achieving the best evidence in criminal proceedings: Guidance on interviewing victims and witnesses, and guidance on using special measures. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cps.gov.uk\/publications\/docs\/best_evidence_in_criminal_proceedings.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044835X.2011.02064.x"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773291"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.5.926"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-010-9069-4"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1192367"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02598.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.5.2.388"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249103100102"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.6.975"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559506296141"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.502"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260517725739","unstructured":"Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act (2009). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/asp\/2009\/9\/contents"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260517725739","unstructured":"Victims and Witnesses (Scotland) Act. (2014). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/asp\/2014\/1"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260517725739","unstructured":"Vulnerable Witnesses (Scotland) Act. (2004). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/asp\/2004\/3"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260517725739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/pplt.2003.10.1.199"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517725739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260517725739","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517725739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:34Z","timestamp":1777504534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260517725739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260517725739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517725739","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,26]]}}}