{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:09:09Z","timestamp":1778076549818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Violence against women and girls is widespread in the Caribbean, which may be due to heightened acceptance of such acts in this specific social context. In spite of this, studies investigating attitudes toward violence and their correlates among participants drawn from the region are missing. To address this void in the literature, we examined associations between violence exposure and victimization and two gender-based violence-related cognitions (attitudes toward male physical domestic violence and social norms regarding physical violence against girls) as well as general beliefs about violence using structural equation modeling. Participants were a sample of adolescent girls ( n = 661; M age = 13.15) and boys ( n = 639; M age = 13.22) from two Eastern Caribbean countries, Barbados and Grenada, recruited from 10 primary schools, nine secondary schools, and two youth offender centers. In considering that girls and boys were previously demonstrated to differ in their experiences as well as tolerance of violence, structural models were specified and tested separately for the two sexes. Results indicated that violence victimization was positively strongly associated with attitudes toward male physical domestic violence and social norms regarding physical violence against girls among boys. Increased violence victimization among girls, in turn, correlated with increased acceptance of social norms regarding physical violence against girls, but this relationship was weak. Violence exposure did not have any significant associations with any of the attitudinal variables included in the study. We discuss the importance of these findings for the development of appropriate gender-based violence prevention strategies for youths from the Eastern Caribbean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517741628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]],"date-time":"2017-11-11T00:20:51Z","timestamp":1510359651000},"page":"1233-1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Gender-Based Violence-Supportive Cognitions in Adolescent Girls and Boys: The Function of Violence Exposure and Victimization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Debowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Boduszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield, UK"},{"name":"SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adele D.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Willmott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sherretts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018605"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.20.4.379"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/978023777855"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260517741628","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045925"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260517741628","volume-title":"Barbados multiple indicator cluster survey 2012: Final report","author":"Barbados Statistical Service","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Bott S., Guedes A., Goodwin M., Mendoza J. A. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/violence-against-women-lac.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2404_4"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Butchart A., Phinney Harvey A., Kahane T., Mian M., F\u00fcrniss T. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to action and generating evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/43499\/1\/9241594365_eng.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Caribbean Development Bank. (2014). Country gender assessment (CGA): Grenada. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.caribank.org\/uploads\/2014\/12\/CGA-Grenada_JANUARY2014_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Caribbean Development Bank. (2016a). Country gender assessment (CGA): Barbados. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.caribank.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/CountryGenderAssessmentBarbados.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Caribbean Development Bank. (2016b). Country gender assessments (CGAs): Synthesis report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.caribank.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/SynthesisReportCountryGenderAssessment.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260517741628","volume-title":"Social survey on violence against children and women: Attitudes to corporal punishment, child sexual abuse and domestic violence in Barbados","author":"Caribbean Development Research Services, Inc","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.3.359"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514553635"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217691966"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.014"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209359"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251399020001005"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260517741628","unstructured":"End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2017). Corporal punishment of children in Grenada. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.endcorporalpunishment.org\/assets\/pdfs\/states-reports\/Grenada.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334131"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2000.0793"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.01.011"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Fox C., Gadd D. (2012). Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence Questionnaire (ADV). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.keele.ac.uk\/readapt\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ADV%20Questionnaire.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Gibbons A. Y. (2015, May). Family violence in the Caribbean. Paper presented at Expert Group Meeting on Family Policy Development: Achievements and Challenges, United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/family\/docs\/egm15\/Gibbonspaper.pdf"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0038-4941.2005.00313.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801298004003002"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00038-3"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.02.004"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504269693"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.2.408"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4119\/UNIBI\/ijcv.141"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-008-9347-y"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.1203.228"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.029"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137377661"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.04.008"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9146-3"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260517741628","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260517741628","unstructured":"Koenig M., Lutalo T., Zhao F., Nalugoda F., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kiwanuka N. Gray R. (2003). Domestic violence in rural Uganda: Evidence from a community based study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 53-60. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/Koenig0103.pdf"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260517741628","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Children\u2019s rights, Caribbean realities","author":"Le Franc E","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892008001200005"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021405515323"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011115104282"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260517741628","volume-title":"District \u201cA\u201d Juvenile Court: Report on the factors and trends in juvenile justice in Barbados","author":"Marshall-Harris F.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00145.x"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260517741628","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801297003002005"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015010002"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2008.tb00118.x"},{"key":"bibr57-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662169802200407"},{"key":"bibr58-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2014.888118"},{"key":"bibr59-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370812453410"},{"key":"bibr60-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-017-9457-8"},{"key":"bibr61-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00090-8"},{"key":"bibr62-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4"},{"key":"bibr63-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.x"},{"key":"bibr64-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sykes G. M., Matza D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22, 664-670. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2089195","DOI":"10.2307\/2089195"},{"key":"bibr65-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167438"},{"key":"bibr66-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"bibr67-0886260517741628","unstructured":"UN Women. (1992). General Recommendation (GR) No. 19 on Violence Against Women (VAW). In Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/cedaw\/recommendations\/recomm.htm"},{"key":"bibr68-0886260517741628","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2015a). Barbados: 2015 Child Protection Statistical Digest. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/easterncaribbean\/ECAO_BARBADOS_Child_Protection_Statistical_Digest_2015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr69-0886260517741628","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2015b). Grenada: 2015 Child Protection Statistical Digest. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/easterncaribbean\/ECAO_GRENADA_Child_Protection_Statistical_Digest_2015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr70-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002"},{"key":"bibr71-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692364"},{"key":"bibr72-0886260517741628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08221-1"},{"key":"bibr73-0886260517741628","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2009). Violence prevention the evidence: Changing cultural and social norms that support violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/norms.pdf"},{"key":"bibr74-0886260517741628","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77432\/1\/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf"},{"key":"bibr75-0886260517741628","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/85239\/1\/9789241564625_eng.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517741628","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260517741628","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517741628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:17:18Z","timestamp":1777504638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260517741628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260517741628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517741628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]]}}}