{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:07:58Z","timestamp":1792451278307,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence is a worldwide public health problem. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence and types of domestic violence, and to explore the association between social determinants (sociodemographic factors, husband-related factors, and social support) and violence against women by their intimate partner (husband). We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 18 randomly selected primary health care centers and 13 private institutions (teaching institutes, government offices, social welfare organizations) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Female data collectors took interview from 1,883 married Saudi females aged 30 to 75 years. Interviews included sociodemographic information, reproductive health variables, and social support questionnaire. Violence was measured using modified Intimate Partner Violence Against Women questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. The lifetime prevalence for any type of violence was 43.0% ( n = 810). The most frequent type was controlling behavior (36.8%), followed by emotional violence (22%), sexual violence (12.7%), and physical violence (9.0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following were associated with greater odds of reporting domestic violence: younger age 30 to 40 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.3, 3.0]), 41 to 50 years (aOR = 1.6, 95% CI = [1.1, 2.5]); lack of emotional support (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI = [1.2, 2.5]); lack of tangible support (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = [1.1, 1.9]); and perceived poor self-health (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI = [1.0, 3.0]), husbands\u2019 poor health (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = [1.2, 2.0]), and polygamy (aOR = 1.6, 95% CI = [1.5, 2.6]). Domestic violence occurs frequently in Saudi Arabia. Both social conditions and social relations are significantly associated with domestic violence against Saudi women. Furthermore, improvement in implementation of the local policies and multisectoral protection services can prevent women from domestic violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517746128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T14:38:52Z","timestamp":1514039932000},"page":"NP1561-1585NP","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Social Determinants of Domestic Violence Among Saudi Married Women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Aljohara M.","family":"Alquaiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women\u2019s Health Research"},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Almuneef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women\u2019s Health Research"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambreen","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women\u2019s Health Research"},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljohara","family":"Almeneessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260517746128","first-page":"612","volume":"32","author":"Afifi Z. E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9429-1"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1360200042000212124"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.1.13135"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515587669"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801207311860"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5042\/jacpr.2010.0137"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260517746128","unstructured":"Coker L. A., Smith H. P., Thompson P. M., McKeown E. R., Bethea L., Davis E. K. (2004). Social Support Protects against the negative effects of partner Violence on Mental Health (CRVAW Faculty Journal Articles, Paper No. 113). Retrieved from http:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/crvaw_facpub\/113"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/313909"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0170-x"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.11.717"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004242"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61837-7"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260517746128","first-page":"315","volume":"20","author":"Guedes A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61683-4"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516660976"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260517746128","unstructured":"Riyadh in year 2013 Hijri. (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.arriyadh.com\/Eng\/Ab-Arriyad\/Content\/getdocument.aspx?f=\/openshare\/Eng\/Ab-Arriyad\/Content\/Riyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm."},{"key":"bibr20-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260517746128","unstructured":"Somach D. S., AbouZeid G. (2009). Egypt violence against women study: Literature review of violence against women. Retrieved from http:\/\/pdf.usaid.gov\/pdf_docs\/Pnadq891.pdf"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260517746128","first-page":"1242","volume":"15","author":"Tashkandi A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051740"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260517746128","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women (A\/RES\/48\/104 85th plenary meeting). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/documents\/ga\/res\/48\/a48r104.htm"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260517746128","unstructured":"United Nations Organization. (2015). The World\u2019s Women 2015: Trends and statistics (Sales No. E.15.XVII.8). New York, NY: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Retrieved from http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/gender\/downloads\/WorldsWomen2015_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.05.027"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260517746128","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (1997). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report on a WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva, 3\u20135 June, 1997 (WHO\/NUT\/NCD\/98.1, Technical Report Series No. 894). Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/63854"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260517746128","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women: Summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women\u2019s responses. Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/43310\/1\/9241593512_eng.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260517746128","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/9789241564625\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260517746128","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2016). Violence against women. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs239\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260517746128","unstructured":"World Health Organization, & London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/publications\/violence\/9789241564007_eng.pdf"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260517746128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512438283"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517746128","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260517746128","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260517746128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:17:22Z","timestamp":1777504642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260517746128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260517746128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517746128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]}}}