{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1782754873806,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article empirically investigates whether women\u2019s access to economic resources acts as a risk factor or protective factor for spousal (emotional and physical) violence against them, particularly in the case of Pakistan. Using data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012 to 2013, we employed logistic regression to investigate this relationship between women\u2019s access to economic resources and spousal violence against them by using two indicators: (a) whether she earns money in cash and\/or in-kind and (b) whether she owns property. The results indicate that women who earn in cash and\/or in-kind face greater violence. Education can reduce the violence against women and family history of violence contributes positively for greater violence. Result also confirms existence of regional disparity in this regard. Based on findings of this study we provide policy suggestions to mitigate the issue of spousal violence against women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518800318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T02:45:58Z","timestamp":1538102758000},"page":"NP5545-NP5560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Violence and Economic Empowerment of Women in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Javeria","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misbah Tanveer","family":"Choudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260518800318","first-page":"198","volume":"58","author":"Ali P. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.917195"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260518800318","volume-title":"Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260518800318","unstructured":"Household Integrated Economic Survey. (2013-2014). Islamabad, Pakistan: Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/sites\/default\/files\/pslm\/publications\/hies2013_14\/HIES_2013-14_18_03_2015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302779"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2016.1211305"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/801740"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260518800318","volume-title":"Violence against women in Pakistan: Evidence from Punjab","author":"Manzoor R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.10.003"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260518800318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2014.997774"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260518800318","unstructured":"Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey report. (2012-2013). Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Population Studies. Islamabad, Pakistan, and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NIPS and ICF International."},{"key":"bibr12-0886260518800318","unstructured":"Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement report. (2014-2015). Islamabad, Pakistan: Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/sites\/default\/files\/\/pslm\/publications\/PSLM_2014-15_National-Provincial-District_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260518800318","unstructured":"Press release on provisional summary results of 6th population and housing census. (2017). Islamabad, Pakistan: Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 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