{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:34:57Z","timestamp":1777854897422,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-CX-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-CX-0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Western European countries and Canada, an emerging scholarly literature has helped inform awareness and prevention efforts and justice system responses to address forced marriages. But, little is known about this issue in the United States. The present study, the first large scale examination of forced marriage prevalence in the United States, surveys a national sample of Internet users over 18 years of age. Using a Google Consumer Survey platform, this exploratory study seeks to estimate prevalence of and gender disparities in forced marriages for this sample; examine conditions and circumstances associated with forced marriage; develop adequate measurement tools to identify individuals who have faced forced marriage; and better understand how and to what extent those experiencing forced marriage face psychological abuse from intimate partners and access victim services. Contrary to the experiences of legal and social service providers, findings indicate that more men than women reported forced marriage experiences. The discrepancy between this finding and prior research underscores the need to further develop survey measures and reconsider closed-ended, web-based survey screener questions such as the one used to identify respondents experiencing forced marriage in this study. These considerations may help identify victims with better precision and locate the underlying causes of gender disparities in forced marriage. In addition, many respondents reported entering forced marriages while facing concerns over their own or their family\u2019s reputation and threats of harm (to themselves or self-harm of a family member).A majority of respondents also reported experiencing psychological intimate partner violence and seeking help, particularly from law enforcement and for medical assistance. This large overlap between forced marriage and psychological intimate partner violence, as well as between forced marriage and seeking help from law enforcement and medical assistance providers, indicates that service provision needs are notably acute for this population..<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518801935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T02:41:07Z","timestamp":1540003267000},"page":"5730-5760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding Forced Marriage in the United States: Developing Measures, Examining its Nature, and Assessing Gender Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sino","family":"Esthappan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bastomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Zweig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Dank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260518801935","unstructured":"Alanen J. (2011). Forced marriage laws of the U.S. states and territories. Global Justice Initiative. Retrieved from https:\/\/globaljusticeinitiative.files.wordpress.com\/2011\/12\/forced-marriage-laws-of-the-us-states-alanen.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260518801935","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10691-009-9119-4"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260518801935","unstructured":"Bingham J. (2008, December 19). Forced marriage doctor \u201cwas drugged in Bangladeshi psychiatric clinic.\u201d The Telegraph. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/bangladesh\/3851698\/Forced-marriage-doctor-was-drugged-in-Bangladeshi-psychiatric-clinic.html"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260518801935","unstructured":"Brandon J., Hafez S. (2008). Crimes of the community: Honour-based violence in the UK. Centre for Social Cohesion. 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Exploring the viability of creating a specific offence for forced marriage in England and Wales: Report on findings. University of Roehampton. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.endthefear.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/Forced-Marriage-Legislation_Report-of-Findings.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260518801935","unstructured":"Glinski A. M., Sexston M., Meyers L. (2015). Child, early, and forced marriage resource guide task order. Banyan Global. 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