{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:34:41Z","timestamp":1777854881010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Insight Development Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Insight Development Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000106","name":"Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Establishment Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Establishment Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000106","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research shows that nonoffending mothers are frequently held at fault for child sexual abuse (CSA), by both society and professionals, with contradictory explanations for the fault. For example, the same maternal characteristic can be used to assign blame or alleviate blame (i.e., single mothers have been held more at fault for their child\u2019s CSA and less at fault). The purpose of this study was to assess a theoretically based model that could account for these different reasons. We tested the stereotype content model (SCM), which examines the content of stereotypes toward target groups, by focusing on perceptions of that group\u2019s levels of warmth and competence. We sampled 136 undergraduate participants who read a vignette describing CSA, and completed the SCM with the mother of the victim as the target, and measures of mother fault. Our results showed that participants fell into three SCM groups of mother fault: (a) Moderate Contemptuous Prejudice (i.e., low competence, low warmth); (b) Admiration (i.e., moderate competence, high warmth); and (c) Very Contemptuous Prejudice (i.e., very low competence, very low warmth). Each cluster also held unique emotions toward the mother, as predicted by the SCM. Results further showed that assigned levels of fault were significant, but that fault did not vary by SCM group, lending support to the ideas that the SCM can be applied to this group and that different participants assign fault for different reasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518805773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T08:12:00Z","timestamp":1539331920000},"page":"5334-5359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Warmth, Competence, and Blame: Examining Mothers of Sexually Abused Children Within the Stereotype Content Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kelsi","family":"Toews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorden A.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linzi E.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014274311428"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260518805773","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G. W.","year":"1954"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260518805773","unstructured":"Azzopardi C. (2015). The discursive construction of gendered attributions of blame for child sexual abuse: A feminist critical discourse analysis of maternal failure to protect in child welfare policy and practice (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"bibr4-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00098-2"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7439(87)80054-0"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01560187"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260518805773","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Learning our way: Essays in feminist education","author":"Bunch C.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260518805773","unstructured":"Cai F., Le-Khac N. A., Kechadi M. T. (2012). Clustering approaches for financial data analysis: A survey. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Data Mining. Las Vegas, NV. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1609.08520.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.1.47"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085115586024"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.3.546"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-4537.2004.00381.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.4.631"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00002-0"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X314935"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260518805773","first-page":"18","volume":"7","author":"Davies L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Progressive Human Service"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104438948006101002"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00186.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021020920715"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0416-3"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290048"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470977811"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260518805773","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Handbook of social psychology","author":"Fiske S. T.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026054"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260518805773","first-page":"247","volume-title":"From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups","author":"Fiske S. T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00128"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J039v03n01_03"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(00)00058-3"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00190.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10277-008"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(01)80005-8"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.763"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260518805773","volume-title":"Multidimensional scaling, section five: Dimension reducing methods and cluster analysis","author":"Green P. E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538711003615020"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2014.880849"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2004.00474.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n03_01"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00089.x"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2006.06.005"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260518805773","first-page":"311","volume":"69","author":"Leonard E. W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"NYU Annual Survey of American Law"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2007.02.001"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CASW.0000035221.78729.d6"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12541-6"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260518805773","volume-title":"Integrative cluster analysis in bioinformatives","author":"Nandi A. K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202281010"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2012.01772.x"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260518805773","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes","author":"Operanio D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2013.08.010"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507300753"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(93)90060-I"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-53965-7"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01692"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028777"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030839"},{"key":"bibr57-0886260518805773","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2015). Table 2: Postsecondary enrolments by field of study. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/daily-quotidien\/151130\/t002d-eng.htm"},{"key":"bibr58-0886260518805773","volume-title":"Introduction to data mining","author":"Tan P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr59-0886260518805773","unstructured":"Thatcher W. R., Savage J. C., Simpson R. (2012). Advantages and limitations of cluster analysis in interpreting regional GPS velocity fields in California and elsewhere. In American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstracts. Retrieved from http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012AGUFM.G22B.07T"},{"key":"bibr60-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516675922"},{"key":"bibr61-0886260518805773","unstructured":"Walls L., Wong-Wylie G. (2007). The social construction of motherhood: Implications and interventions (Unpublished master\u2019s dissertation). Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada."},{"key":"bibr62-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845"},{"key":"bibr63-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498409551231"},{"key":"bibr64-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X009007004"},{"key":"bibr65-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672982412001"},{"key":"bibr66-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.11.1.p008"},{"key":"bibr67-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2016.1236870"},{"key":"bibr68-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517723140"},{"key":"bibr69-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518778262"},{"key":"bibr70-0886260518805773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01014.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260518805773","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260518805773","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260518805773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:58Z","timestamp":1777504618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260518805773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260518805773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518805773","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]}}}