{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:28:39Z","timestamp":1791505719531,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of trauma in the lives of incarcerated women has been well-documented. Yet, few studies have included trauma-related cognitions, a common response to interpersonal trauma, in their analyses. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma (pre-incarceration trauma [PIT] and incarceration-based trauma [IBT]), trauma-related cognitions [TRC] (i.e., Total; Self, Blame, and World), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity, and vocational readiness-motivation (VR-M) in a random sample of incarcerated women in three prison facilities. A cross-sectional research design was employed using a stratified random sampling procedure. The stratum was housing security levels 1 to 4. The study was conducted in three prisons located in the midwestern region of the United States. Self-administered questionnaires measured PIT, IBT, TRC, PTSD, and VR-M. The study sample included ( N = 250) female inmates: 152 White (60.8%), 50 Black (20.4%), 18 Biracial (7.3%), 13 Native American\/Pacific Islander (5.3%), and 12 Latina (4.8%) females. The average age of participants was 36.2, and 82.4% were mothers. A key finding in this study was that TRC-Total was best predicted by trauma associated with the prison environment (IBT) and PTSD severity. Our findings indicated that for Black and Latina women, higher levels of trauma-related cognitions about \u201cself\u201d were predictive of a lower potential for vocational readiness in the area of motivation. Future examination of trauma\u2019s effect on the development of negative trauma-related cognitions about self (e.g., self as incompetent) has the potential to inform prison mental health practice and the development of clinical interventions to decrease trauma-related cognitions about self for incarcerated women with multiple trauma experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518817776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T06:39:08Z","timestamp":1545028748000},"page":"6227-6246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["They Are Coming Home: The Effect of Trauma-Related Cognitions on Vocational Readiness of Incarcerated Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joi D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald O.","family":"Pitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260518817776","volume-title":"Vocational readiness: The effect of pre-prison and incarceration-based trauma on cognitive appraisals and self-perceptions of incarcerated women","author":"Anderson J. D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403405282450"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260518817776","volume-title":"Sexual victimization reported by adult correctional authorities, 2009-11","author":"Beck A. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260518817776","first-page":"55","volume-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment","author":"Berliner L.","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515615141"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809336453"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260518817776","volume-title":"The intersectionality of race, gender, and reentry: Challenges for African-American women","author":"Brown G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260518817776","unstructured":"Carson E. A., Sobel W. J. (2012). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov\/index.cfm, 1925-1981."},{"key":"bibr11-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.153"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260518817776","first-page":"14","author":"Clark M. C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Cyril O. Houle scholars in adult and continuing education program global re-search perspectives"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260518817776","first-page":"3","author":"Covington S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gendered Justice: Addressing Female Offenders"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260518817776","first-page":"257","volume":"48","author":"DeVeaux M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260518817776","first-page":"102","volume":"32","author":"Dirks D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.080713"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260518817776","volume-title":"The use and impact of correctional programming for inmates on pre- and post-release outcomes","author":"Duwe G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/01338-3"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.3.303"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.879"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490060405"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260518817776","volume-title":"Treatment manuals for practitioners. Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD","author":"Foa E. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.12633"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260518817776","first-page":"1","author":"Friedman S. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e513862010-001"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2603_7"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2013.743376"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260518817776","unstructured":"Haney C. (2001). From prison to home: The effect of incarceration and reentry on children, families, and communities. The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment. Retrieved from http:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/hsp\/prison2home02\/Haney.htm#IV (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 25.02. 15)."},{"key":"bibr30-0886260518817776","first-page":"66","volume":"33","author":"Haney C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prisoners Once Removed: The Impact of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885512448604"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050305"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00138.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1385-4046(200002)14:1;1-8;FT007"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2017.1355009"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260518817776","first-page":"4","volume":"61","author":"Kessler R. C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X15603082"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260518817776","first-page":"11","volume":"83","author":"Lu W.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085112439224"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280802639012"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.082016"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.17246"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c81fac"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.10.009"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374403"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00299.x"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.23.1.16"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260518817776","volume-title":"Partial justice: Women in state prisons 1800-1935","author":"Rafter N.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260518817776","volume-title":"Work potential profile manual","author":"Rowe H. A. H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032769"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2010.510388"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.6.761"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260518817776","first-page":"26","volume":"67","author":"Strauser D. R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2012.11.005"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.932889"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490070209"},{"key":"bibr57-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0047-2220.25.1.36"},{"key":"bibr58-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854806296830"},{"key":"bibr59-0886260518817776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/138033990520223"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260518817776","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260518817776","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260518817776","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:17:10Z","timestamp":1777504630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260518817776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13-14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260518817776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518817776","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]}}}