{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:09:18Z","timestamp":1783703358036,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]],"date-time":"2019-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Women\u2019s self-defense training increases self-efficacy and reduces subsequent assaults, but self-defense training\u2019s effects on women\u2019s psychological and interpersonal functioning are understudied, particularly for women with histories of interpersonal victimization. This study examined the effects of a self-defense course on somatic symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, interpersonal problems, and locus of control among women with and without interpersonal victimization histories and explored how women\u2019s disinhibition of their aggression during simulated attacks predicts changes in their symptoms and functioning. In all, 82 women reported their symptoms and functioning before participation and 6 weeks after participation in a university-based Rape Aggression Defense course. Among the whole sample, participation in the course led to significantly decreased posttraumatic stress, somatic, and hostility symptoms and problems with being too nonassertive, overly accommodating, and self-sacrificing. Women who reported interpersonal victimization histories (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 49) did not differ in the degree of improvements when compared with women without interpersonal victimization histories (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 33). Greater disinhibition during the simulation predicted less improvement in some symptoms; moderation analyses showed that this association occurred only among those women with high baseline anxiety or hostility. These findings highlight the value of self-defense training in improving the health of women, including posttraumatic stress symptoms and interpersonal functioning, regardless of women\u2019s history of interpersonal victimization. Results also suggest the importance of considering women\u2019s baseline symptoms in modulating the degree of aggression that is optimally expressed during training.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519876026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T02:30:29Z","timestamp":1568601029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rape Aggression Defense Course: Physical, Psychological, and Interpersonal Benefits Among Women With and Without Interpersonal Victimization Histories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey J.","family":"Sala-Hamrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri E.","family":"Pegram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleshia K.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Wilton-Martindale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Lumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken L. 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