{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T14:55:05Z","timestamp":1792940105499,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIDA 1R21-HD089820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA 1R21-HD089820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2 HD091799-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2 HD091799-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Homosexuality is illegal in Lebanon and men who have sex with men (MSM) may experience discrimination. Displaced Syrians, who currently comprise approximately 20% of Lebanon\u2019s population, also face discrimination. Individuals who are members of both groups may experience heightened levels of discrimination and abuse. In partnership with local nongovernmental organizations serving the community, we recruited N = 292 MSM in Beirut, Lebanon. Participants were interviewed about experiences of violence and discrimination in the context of a larger health behavior survey, and all were offered anonymous HIV testing. Responses were analyzed using the framework of intersectionality, combining regression, geographical mapping of reported experiences, and network analysis of the participant recruitment pattern. MSM, born outside of Lebanon, who are primarily from Syria, face higher levels of discrimination and violence than native-born MSM (71% vs. 32% reporting at least one type of discrimination or violence). Socioeconomic status is also associated with discrimination and violence overall, and among native- and foreign-born MSM. Experiences vary by town and neighborhood, and are highly correlated between recruiting and recruited participants.These results highlight health risks faced by foreign-born MSM in Lebanon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519884684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T02:37:17Z","timestamp":1572316637000},"page":"10267-10284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Violence and Discrimination Against Men Who Have Sex With Men in Lebanon: The Role of International Displacement and Migration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Lilla","family":"Orr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma M.","family":"Shebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Heimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaveh","family":"Khoshnood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Barbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Contractor and Public Health Consultant, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Aaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques E.","family":"Mokhbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0046-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forrest W.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2013.0039"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Alami M. (2014). The darker side for gays in Lebanon. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ipsnews.net\/2014\/08\/the-darker-side-for-gays-in-lebanon\/"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260519884684","author":"Al Farchichi W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Homosexual relations in the penal codes: General study regarding the laws in the Arab countries with a report on Lebanon and Tunisia"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Al-Kak F. (2010). Homophobia in clinical services in Lebanon: A physician survey. Retrieved from https:\/\/lebmash.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/El-Kak-Mroueh-study.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0869-x"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Chamas S. (2015). The fight goes on for Lebanon\u2019s LGBT community. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/pulse\/originals\/2015\/06\/lebanon-lgbt-gay-rights-article-534-helem-legal-agenda.html"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Clare M. (2015). Refugees don\u2019t drink wine, but gay men should: Exploring the intersections of refugeehood, sexuality and nationality among gay Syrian refugees in Lebanon (p. 70). Retrieved from http:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/luur\/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5474021&fileOId=5474022"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226190518.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx208"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Dhala K. (2014). Gay Syrian refugees struggle to survive in Lebanon. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2014\/02\/gay-syrian-refugees-struggle-to-survive-in-lebanon\/"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2016.0326"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2018). Annex: Laws Prohibiting or Used to Punish Same-Sex Conduct and Gender Expression in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/report_pdf\/lgbt_mena0418_annex_0.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260519884684","volume-title":"Toolbox for conducting integrated HIV bio-behavioral surveillance (IBBS) in key populations: PWID Questionnaire","author":"Integrated HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Toolbox","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rsq\/hdw016"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13642987.2017.1371140"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/M11W-VWXE-KQM9-G97Q"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Kronfol N. M. (2006). Rebuilding of the Lebanese health care system: Health sector reforms. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 12, 459-473. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/lebmash.org\/statement-from-the-lebanese-psychiatric-society\/"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315529653-5"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9305-x"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260519884684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199206650.003.0007"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260519884684","volume-title":"Profile of internal displacement: Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council","author":"Norwegian Refugee Council","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260519884684","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 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