{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:55:49Z","timestamp":1784177749898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Young mothers face considerable challenges that can affect their mental health, with anxiety being one of the most common mental health problems observed in this population. Furthermore, pregnancy is one of the risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). There is thus an urgent need to explore the IPV risk faced by young mothers and its association with their mental health, anxiety in particular. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between IPV victimization and anxiety in young mothers, as well as the protective effects of social support and resilience. A total of 79 young Chinese mothers aged 16 to 25 were recruited from a special service project for young parents in Hong Kong. Just more than half (50.6%) were found to have experienced psychological aggression by their current partner, with 26.6% and 13.9%, respectively, having experienced physical assault and sexual abuse. Roughly a quarter (25.3%) perceived themselves to suffer from moderate or severe generalized anxiety disorder. Logistic regression further showed the young mothers who had experienced physical assault and\/or sexual abuse by their current partners to be at least six times likelier to have moderate or severe anxiety disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.51,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05) than those who had experienced no such violence. Young mothers with less perceived social support (aOR = 0.77,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01), a lower secondary level of education or below (aOR = 12.99,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05), and in receipt of social security assistance (aOR = 5.69,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05) were also likelier to have moderate or severe anxiety disorder. The results indicate the importance of social support during the critical period of young motherhood. Health care professionals need to remain alert to the impacts of IPV victimization and the risk of anxiety in young mothers with a low level of education and\/or receiving financial support.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1575285591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intimate Partner Violence Victimization, Social Support, and Resilience: Effects on the Anxiety Levels of Young Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Wai-Man","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara Chuen-Yee","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby Tsz-Fung","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Yee-Lap","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3000-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet Yuen-Ha","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramsky T. Watts C. H. Garcia-Moreno C. Devries K. Kiss L. Ellsberg M. Jansen H. A. F. M. Heise L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence. BMC Public Health 11 Article 109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams A. E. Greeson M. R. Kennedy A. C. Tolman R. M. (2013). The effects of adolescent intimate partner violence on women\u2019s educational attainment and earnings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28(17) 3283\u20133300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260513496895","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513496895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams A. E. Sullivan C. M. Bybee D. Greeson M. R. (2008). Development of the Scale of Economic Abuse. Violence Against Women 14(5) 563\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801208315529","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208315529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agaibi C. E. Wilson J. P. (2005). Trauma PTSD and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence & Abuse 6(3) 195\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838005277438","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838005277438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal A. Ickovics J. Lewis J. B. Magriples U. Kershaw T. S. (2014). Postpartum intimate partner violence and health risks among young mothers in the United States: A prospective study. Maternal and Child Health Journal 18(8) 1985\u20131992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-014-1444-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1444-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar R. J. Nightingale N. N. (1994). The impact of specific battering experiences on the self-esteem of abused women. Journal of Family Violence 9(1) 35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01531967","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargai N. Ben-Shakhar G. Shalev A. Y. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women: The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family Violence 22(5) 267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-007-9078-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9078-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnet B. Liu J. DeVoe M. (2008). Double jeopardy: Depressive symptoms and rapid subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 162(3) 246\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.60","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartone P. T. (2007). Test-retest reliability of the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15 a brief hardiness scale. Psychological Reports 101(3) 943\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.101.3.943-944","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.101.3.943-944"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511975936"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","volume-title":"Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education","author":"Becker G. S.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Becker G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeble M. L. Bybee D. Sullivan C. M. Adams A. E. (2009). Main mediating and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77(4) 718\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016140","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjelland I. Krokstad S. Mykletun A. Dahl A. A. Tell G. S. Tambs K. (2008). Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Social Science & Medicine 66(6) 1334\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Development of cognition, affect, and social relations","author":"Block J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Block J., Block J. H. (2014). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins W. A. (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations (pp. 49\u2013112). Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boden J. M. Fergusson D. M. Horwood L. J. (2008). Early motherhood and subsequent life outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49(2) 151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01830.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01830.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownridge D. A. Halli S. S. (2002). Double jeopardy? Violence against immigrant women in Canada. Violence and Victims 17(4) 455\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vivi.17.4.455.33680","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.17.4.455.33680"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caetano R. Vaeth P. A. Ramisetty-Mikler S. (2008). Intimate partner violence victim and perpetrator characteristics among couples in the United States. Journal of Family Violence 23(6) 507\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-008-9178-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-008-9178-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet 359(9314) 1331\u20131336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capaldi D. M. Knoble N. B. Shortt J. W. Kim H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse 3(2) 231\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson B. E. McNutt L.-A. Choi D. Y. Rose I. M. (2002). Intimate partner abuse and mental health: The role of social support and other protective factors. Violence Against Women 8(6) 720\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778010222183251","DOI":"10.1177\/10778010222183251"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications","author":"Carver K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carver K., Joyner K., Udry J. R. (2003). National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In Florsheim P. (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 23\u201356). Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department. (2018). Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics. https:\/\/www.statistics.gov.hk\/pub\/B10100032018AN18B0100.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195126709.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coker A. L. Watkins K. W. Smith P. H. Brandt H. M. (2003). Social support reduces the impact of partner violence on health: Application of structural equation models. Preventive Medicine 37(3) 259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00122-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00122-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coker A. L. Weston R. Creson D. L. Justice B. Blakeney P. (2005). PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims 20(6) 625\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.20.6.625","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.20.6.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conger R. D. Conger K. J. Martin M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status family processes and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family 72(3) 685\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook W. L. Kenny D. A. (2005). The actor-partner interdependence model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development 29(2) 101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01650250444000405","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250444000405"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunradi C. B. Caetano R. Schafer J. (2002). Socioeconomic predictors of intimate partner violence among White Black and Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Family Violence 17(4) 377\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020374617328","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020374617328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis C. L. Brown H. K. Falah-Hassani K. Marini F. C. Vigod S. N. (2017). Identifying women at risk for sustained postpartum anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders 213 131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillon G. Hussain R. Loxton D. Rahman S. (2013). Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: A review of the literature. International Journal of Family Medicine 2013 313909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/313909","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/313909"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452243306.n6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dohrenwend B. P. Levav I. Shrout P. E. Schwartz S. Naveh G. Link B. G. Skodol A. E. Stueve A. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science 255(5047) 946\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1546291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1546291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellison C. G. Trinitapoli J. A. Anderson K. L. Johnson B. R. (2007). Race\/ethnicity religious involvement and domestic violence. Violence Against Women 13(11) 1094\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801207308259","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801207308259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmanuel E. St John W. Sun J. (2012). Relationship between social support and quality of life in childbearing women during the perinatal period. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 41(6) E62\u2013E70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01400.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01400.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falah-Hassani K. Shiri R. Dennis C. L. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for comorbid postpartum depressive symptomatology and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders 198 142\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher D. Sarkar M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions concepts and theory. European Psychologist 18(1) 12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000124","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7261-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golding J. M. (1999). Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Violence 14(2) 99\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022079418229","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022079418229"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety disorder scale in general hospital outpatients","volume":"22","author":"He X.","year":"2010","unstructured":"He X., Li C., Qian J., Cui H., Wu W. (2010). Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety disorder scale in general hospital outpatients. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 22(4), 200\u2013203.","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoge E. A. Austin E. D. Pollack M. H. (2007). Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety 24(2) 139\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20175","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20175"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2005.12086289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque M. E. Hoque M. Kader S. B. (2009). Prevalence and experience of domestic violence among rural pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 24(4) 34\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10158782.2009.11441360","DOI":"10.1080\/10158782.2009.11441360"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"House J. S. Goesling B. (2005). Education social status and health. Contemporary Sociology 34(2) 205\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009430610503400262","DOI":"10.1177\/009430610503400262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu T. Zhang D. Wang J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences 76 18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyde J. S. Mezulis A. H. Abramson L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective biological and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review 115(2) 291\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail F. Berman H. Ward-Griffin C. (2007). Dating violence and the health of young women: A feminist narrative study. Health Care for Women International 28(5) 453\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399330701226438","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330701226438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X04270345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose R. Novaco R. W. (2016). Intimate partner violence victims seeking a temporary restraining order: Social support and resilience attenuating psychological distress. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31(20) 3352\u20133376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515584352","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515584352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalil A. Kunz J. (2002). Teenage childbearing marital status and depressive symptoms in later life. Child Development 73(6) 1748\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00503","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagdon S. Armour C. Stringer M. (2014). Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimisation: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5 24794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v5.24794","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.24794"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. S. Ahn Y. S. Jeong K. S. Chae J. H. Choi K. S. (2014). Resilience buffers the impact of traumatic events on the development of PTSD symptoms in firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders 162 128\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Y. (2009). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human social and cultural capital. Child Abuse & Neglect 33(9) 625\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.02.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepore S. J. Evans G. W. Schneider M. L. (1991). Dynamic role of social support in the link between chronic stress and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61(6) 899\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.61.6.899","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.61.6.899"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levendosky A. A. Bogat G. A. Theran S. A. Trotter J. S. Eye A. V. Davidson W. S. (2004). The social networks of women experiencing domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology 34(1\u20132) 95\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:AJCP.0000040149.58847.10","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AJCP.0000040149.58847.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindhorst T. Oxford M. Gillmore M. R. (2007). Longitudinal effects of domestic violence on employment and welfare outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22(7) 812\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260507301477","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507301477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","unstructured":"Littwin A. (2012). Coerced debt: The role of consumer credit in domestic violence. California Law Review 100(4) 951\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15779\/Z38VR6G"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund C. Cois A. (2018). Simultaneous social causation and social drift: Longitudinal analysis of depression and poverty in South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders 229 396\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00164"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macmillan R. (2000). Adolescent victimization and income deficits in adulthood: Rethinking the costs of criminal violence from a life-course perspective. Criminology 38(2) 553\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00899.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magadi M. A. Agwanda A. O. Obare F. O. (2007). A comparative analysis of the use of maternal health services between teenagers and older mothers in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Social Science & Medicine 64(6) 1311\u20131325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","volume-title":"Victims as offenders: The paradox of women\u2019s violence in relationships","author":"Miller S. L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller S. L. (2005). Victims as offenders: The paradox of women\u2019s violence in relationships. Rutgers University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.39.6.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mineka S. Zinbarg R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It\u2019s not what you thought it was. American Psychologist 61(1) 10\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.61.1.10","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore D. R. Florsheim P. Butner J. (2007). Interpersonal behavior psychopathology and relationship outcomes among adolescent mothers and their partners. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 36(4) 541\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374410701662709","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701662709"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman B. S. Campbell C. (2011). Intimate partner violence among pregnant and parenting Latina adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(13) 2635\u20132657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260510388281","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510388281"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pico-Alfonso M. A. Garcia-Linares M. I. Celda-Navarro N. Blasco-Ros C. Echebur\u00faa E. Martinez M. (2006). The impact of physical psychological and sexual intimate male partner violence on women\u2019s mental health: Depressive symptoms posttraumatic stress disorder state anxiety and suicide. Journal of Women\u2019s Health 15(5) 599\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.599","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riger S. Ahrens C. Blickenstaff A. (2001). Measuring interference with employment and education reported by women with abusive partners: Preliminary data. Violence and Victims 15 161\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.15.2.161","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.15.2.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology 24(2) 335\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579412000028","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salcioglu E. Urhan S. Pirinccioglu T. Aydin S. (2017). Anticipatory fear and helplessness predict PTSD and depression in domestic violence survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 9(1) 117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000200","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sareen J. Afifi T. O. McMillan K. A. Asmundson G. J. (2011). Relationship between household income and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry 68(4) 419\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Duke series in child development and public policy. Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective","author":"Serbin L. A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Serbin L. A., Stack D. M., De Genna N., Grunzeweig N., Temcheff C. E., Schwartzman A. E., Ledingham J. (2004). When aggressive girls become mothers: Problems in parenting, health, and development across two generations. In Putallaz M., Bierman K. L. (Eds.), Duke series in child development and public policy. Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective (pp. 262\u2013285). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer R. L. Kroenke K. Williams J. B. L\u00f6we B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine 166(10) 1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","volume-title":"Health psychology","author":"Taylor S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor S. (2015). Health psychology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.","edition":"9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari A. Fong D. Y. T. Chan K. L. Leung W. C. Parker B. Ho P. C. (2007). Identifying intimate partner violence: Comparing the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen with the Chinese Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114(9) 1065\u20131071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01441.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01441.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toews M. L. Yazedjian A. (2014). Psychological and physical dating violence perpetrated by pregnant and parenting Latina adolescents. Violence and Victims 29(5) 872\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00024","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","volume-title":"Adolescent fertility since the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo","author":"United Nations","year":"2013","unstructured":"United Nations. (2013). Adolescent fertility since the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","volume-title":"Adolescent pregnancy: A review of the evidence","author":"United Nations Population Fund","year":"2013","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund. (2013). Adolescent pregnancy: A review of the evidence. United Nations Population Fund."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","volume-title":"The battered woman","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (1980). The battered woman. Harper & Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Wiley series in couples and family dynamics and treatment: Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (1996). Assessment of abusive spousal relationships: The battered woman syndrome. In Kaslow F. W. (Ed.), Wiley series in couples and family dynamics and treatment: Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 338\u2013356). Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","unstructured":"Williams L. Morrow B. Shulman H. Stephens R. D\u2019Angelo D. Fowler C. I. (2006). PRAMS 2002 Surveillance Report. Division of Reproductive Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/zanran_storage\/www.cdc.gov\/ContentPages\/19738568.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windle G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 21(2) 152\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0959259810000420","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259810000420"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85239\/9789241564625_eng.pdf;jsessionid=69BAC7E05774CF08BBC991D01EF133C9?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright E. M. (2015). The relationship between social support and intimate partner violence in neighborhood context. Crime & Delinquency 61(10) 1333\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128712466890","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128712466890"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying L. Wu X. Lin C. Jiang L. (2014). Traumatic severity and trait resilience as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. PLOS ONE 9(2) e89401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajacova A. Lawrence E. M. (2018). The relationship between education and health: Reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annual Review of Public Health 39 273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260519888532","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260519888532","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260519888532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:53Z","timestamp":1777504613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260519888532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21-22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260519888532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888532","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]}}}