{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:51:33Z","timestamp":1785505893223,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"23-24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]],"date-time":"2020-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code: 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code: 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Child sexual abuse (CSA) remains a major public health concern worldwide. In Africa, particularly, Nigeria, CSA is a silent, but lethal public health menace with prevalence reaching as high as 56% for different child sexual violence. Understanding the vulnerability factors of CSA promotes the creation of strategies toward prevention of CSA. Due to social stigmatization of victims and their families in Nigeria, it is difficult for researchers and policymakers to have access to firsthand information about predisposing factors to CSA, which negatively impacts efforts toward prevention of CSA. Health care professionals are sources of experience-based, anonymous information about various public health issues. This study aims to understand qualitatively health care professionals\u2019 perception of vulnerability factors of CSA. The study presents a thematic content analysis of a semi-structured interview of 14 health care professionals working with sexually abused children in Nigeria, on their perception of vulnerability factors of CSA, while aligning the factors with known models of violence. Participants in the study reported several interrelated vulnerability factors involving the individual, sexual abuse perpetrator, family, environment, socioeconomic situations, and the lack or nonimplementation of policies against CSA. The study concludes that identifying these factors can assist health care professionals, parents, and family to better respond to child sexual violence cases and policymakers to create new strategies of preventing CSA, thereby improving the health and safety of children in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519897329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T01:12:16Z","timestamp":1578877936000},"page":"11435-11460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experience-Based Perception of Vulnerability Factors to Child Sexual Abuse by Health Care Professionals in Nigeria: A Qualitative Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adetola I.","family":"Ogunjimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanderlei Abadio de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Aparecida Arena","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luiz da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Franca, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Ang\u00e9lica Iossi","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0331-3131.84223"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/IJSA2013.0452"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260519897329","first-page":"436","volume-title":"Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica","author":"Ayres C. M. J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Bardin L. (2011). An\u00e1lise de conte\u00fado [Content Analysis]. Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70."},{"key":"bibr5-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Black M., Basile K., Breiding M., Smith S., Walters M., Merrick M. \u2026 Stevens M. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509331493"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.022"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260519897329","author":"Boss C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Columbus Dispatch"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/njp.v39i3.4"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1994.20040716.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.12.013"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260519897329","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.79240"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0035"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2010.512520"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260519897329","volume-title":"Adolescent development","author":"Garbarino J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128227"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529320.006"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260519897329","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Sexual abuse of young children in southern Africa","author":"Guma M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260519897329","volume-title":"Child witnesses in the New Zealand criminal courts: A review of practice and implications for policy","author":"Hanna K. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.24.332.9462"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-0886260519897329","first-page":"22","volume":"46","author":"Ige O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ghana Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.07.027"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.10.008"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260519897329","volume-title":"Research methodology: Methods and techniques","author":"Kothari C. R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.07.005"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X08327785"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.016"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260519897329","first-page":"18","volume":"4","author":"Liebling H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Itupale Online Journal of African Studies"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Lombard M., Snyder-Duch J., Bracken C. C. (2005). Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. https:\/\/www.merlot.org\/merlot\/viewMaterial.htm?id=86697"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CASW.0000035221.78729.d6"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002704331364"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260519897329","volume-title":"AIDS in the world, II: A global report","volume":"427","author":"Mann J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014523336"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Minayo M. C. S. (2010). O desafio do conhecimento: pesquisa qualitativa em sa\u00fade [The knowledge challenge: qualitative health research]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X1992000300013"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.021"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1293202"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr40-0886260519897329","first-page":"4469","volume":"11","author":"Ogunjimi A. I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing UFPE on line-ISSN: 1981-8963"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508322194"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.02.012"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200303000-00006"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Richard T. (2013). Qualitative versus quantitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 1(1). http:\/\/jourtpcrim.com\/January_Articles\/Qualitative_Vs_Quantitave_Richard_Tewksbury.pdf"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-2004-22201"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Silva J\u00fanior \u00c1. P. D. (2006). Dano psiquico em crian\u00e7as vitimas de abuso sexual sem comprova\u00e7\u00e3o de ato libidinoso ou conjun\u00e7\u00e3o carnal [Psychic damage in children victims of sexual abuse without evidence of lewd act or carnal conjunction] (Unpublished Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o). Brazil: Universidade de Bras\u00edlia."},{"key":"bibr47-0886260519897329","volume-title":"Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics. A NIBRS statistical report","author":"Snyder H. N.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838010363717"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260519897329","unstructured":"Townsend C., Rheingold A. (2013). Estimating a child sexual abuse prevalence rate for practitioners: A review of child sexual abuse prevalence studies. https:\/\/www.d2l.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/PREVALENCE-RATE-WHITE-PAPER-D2L.pdf"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12047"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483328751.n1"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260519897329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.2.111"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260519897329","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2004). Child sexual abuse: A silent health emergency: Report of the regional director for Africa. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/1878"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260519897329","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260519897329","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260519897329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:58Z","timestamp":1777504618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260519897329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23-24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260519897329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519897329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]]}}}