{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:37:46Z","timestamp":1777855066682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We evaluated whether markers of economic empowerment are associated with a tolerant attitude toward spousal physical violence (SPV) among employed married women in Nigeria. Cross-sectional analyses of responses to the 2013 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey by a nationally representative sample of 3,999 women aged 15 to 49 years who reported being employed and married. Tolerance for SPV was defined as supporting statements with justifications for wife-beating. Logistic regression assessed the associations of reporting tolerance for SPV with educational attainment and interspousal equivalency in income, controlling for previous exposure to domestic abuse. The prevalence of tolerance for SPV among the sample was 37%. Women with tertiary education had lower odds of tolerance for SPV relative to their counterparts without formal education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.12, 0.40],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001). Compared with women with similar income levels as their partners, women who either earned more (aOR = 2.77, 95% CI = [1.36, 5.62],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .005) or earned less income relative to their spouses (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI = [1.14, 3.26],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .02) had higher odds of tolerance for SPV. Odds of tolerance for SPV were also higher among women reporting previous spousal abuse than among their counterparts without such a history (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI = [1.14, 2.12],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .006). A history of nonspousal abuse was associated with lower odds of tolerance for SPV (aOR = 0.56, 95% CI = [0.37, 0.84],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .005). Lower educational attainment and interspousal differences in income may contribute to tolerance of SPV. Efforts to increase economic empowerment should be combined with education to recognize cultural norms that foster SPV and build skills to exit violent relationships.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520943727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T06:38:14Z","timestamp":1596004694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Economic Empowerment and Tolerance of Domestic Violence Among Married Women: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezinne","family":"Eze-Ajoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oludolapo","family":"Fakeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adejare","family":"Atanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2120-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olukayode A.","family":"Sosina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerson L. K. Kawachi I. Barbeau E. M. Subramanian S. V. (2008). Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India. American Journal of Public Health 98(3) 507\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.113738","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.113738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adebowale A. S. (2018). Spousal age difference and associated predictors of intimate partner violence in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 18 Article 212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5118-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5118-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"How long was the honeymoon? Timing of the first experience of spousal violence among married women in sub-Saharan Africa [Paper presentation]","author":"Akinyemi J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akinyemi J., Somefun O., Olamijuwon E., De Wet N., Odimegwu C. (2017, October). How long was the honeymoon? 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