{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:03:10Z","timestamp":1790892190799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Child abuse has been present in Mexico but there have been few studies that analyze its effects in adults. There are no Mexican validated scales that measure the relationship between abuse experienced in childhood and its effects into adulthood. The purpose of this study is to develop a past child abuse and neglect scale to measure these phenomena in adults and also to analyze the relationship the effects have with other psychological variables (e.g., anxiety, depression, self-esteem, partner-violence, personality, and fatalism). There were 763 participants from Juarez City, located on the northern border of Mexico. All participants were above the age of 18 years. The scale was developed, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. A first analysis consisted of analyzing the factor structure of the scale items with an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and then a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to corroborate the factor structure. The resulting factors were guilt, relationship with parents, strong physical abuse, sexual abuse, mild physical and verbal abuse, and basic care. The internal reliabilities for all factors in both analyses were between Cronbach\u2019s alpha values of .77 and .92. Correlations of these factors with psychological variables were analyzed, and several statistically significant correlations were found. The scale has a good factor structure that correctly reflects the indicators of child abuse and neglect with good internal reliability values. The analysis showed that the prevalence rates of child abuse and neglect in Juarez were higher than those reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in other locations worldwide. Actions by governments, universities, and civil associations should take place to reduce these rates, especially because of their long-term physical, emotional, and psychological consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520943729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T08:49:11Z","timestamp":1595407751000},"page":"2851-2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Past Child Abuse and Neglect in Adults From Northern Mexico: Development of a Scale and Prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7313-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Armando","family":"Esparza-Del Villar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Monta\u00f1ez-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisela","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Qui\u00f1ones-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"Ajilian M. Saeidi M. Khademi G. Hoseini B. L. (2014). Child maltreatment in the world: A review article. International Journal of Pediatrics 3(1) 353\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/ijp.2015.3753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Understanding and preventing child abuse and neglect. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/families\/resources\/understanding-child-abuse"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Anda R. F. Brown D. W. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences & population health in Washington: The face of a chronic public health disaster. http:\/\/www.wvlegislature.gov\/senate1\/majority\/poverty\/ACEsinWashington2009BRFSSFinalReport%20-%20Crittenton.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson J. Martin J. Mullen P. Romans S. Herbison P. (1993). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 32(5) 911\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199309000-00004","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199309000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer G. Pinto S. Power C. (2017). Child maltreatment as a predictor of adult physical functioning in a prospective British birth cohort. BMJ Open 7(10) Article e017900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017900","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017900"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"Byrne B. M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Byrne B. M. (2009). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n-Cort\u00e9s D. Cort\u00e9s M. R. Cant\u00f3n J. (2019). Pathways from childhood sexual abuse to trait anxiety. Child Abuse & Neglect 97 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Preventing child abuse and neglect. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/CAN-factsheet.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung G. W. Rensvold R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 9(2) 233\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112(1) 155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronbach L. J. Meehl P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 52(4) 281\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040957","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Olavarrieta C. Paz F. Garc\u00eda C. Campbell J. (2001). Prevalence of intimate partner abuse among nurses and nurses\u2019 aides in Mexico. Archives of Medical Research 32 79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00262-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00262-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza O. A. Wiebe J. S. Qui\u00f1ones J. (2015). Simultaneous development of a multidimensional fatalism measure in English and Spanish. Current Psychology 34 597\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9272-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-014-9272-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti V. J. Anda R. F. Nordenberg D. Williamson D. F. Spitz A. M. Edwards V. Koss M. P. Marks J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(49) 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrero J. Vivas P. Torres A. Rodr\u00edguez F. J. (2018). When violence can appear with different male partners: Identification of resilient and non-resilient women in the European Union. Frontiers in Psychology 9 Article 877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00877","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00877"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L. T. Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6(1) 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","unstructured":"Karaku\u015f \u00d6. (2012). Relation between childhood abuse and self esteem in adolescence. International Journal of Human Sciences 9(2) 753\u2013763. https:\/\/www.j-humansciences.com\/ojs\/index.php\/IJHS\/article\/view\/2348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelmendi K. Duraku Z. H. Jemini-Gashi L. (2019). Coexistence of intimate partner violence and child maltreatment among adolescents in Kosovo. Journal of Family Violence 34 411\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-018-00034-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-018-00034-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"The handbook of psychological testing","author":"Kline P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kline P. (2000). The handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landolt M. A. Schnyder U. Maier T. Mohler-Kuo M. (2016). The harm of contact and non-contact abuse: Health-related quality of life and mental health in a population sample of Swiss adolescents. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 85(5) 320\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446810","DOI":"10.1159\/000446810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee M. A. Song R. (2017). Childhood abuse personality traits and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect 65 194\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","unstructured":"Linthicum K. (2019 March14). Five of the six most violent cities in the world are in Mexico report says. Los Angeles Times. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world\/la-fg-mexico-tijuana-violence-20190314-story.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacCallum R. C. Widaman K. F. Zhang S. Hong S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods 4(1) 84\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.4.1.84","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1iz J. Fonseca-Pedrero E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcci\u00f3n de un test [Ten steps for test development]. Psicothema 31(1) 7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2018.291","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2018.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwakanyamale A. A. Yizhen Y. (2019). Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: A community based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 19 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negele A. Kaufhold J. Kallenbach L. Leuzinger-Bohleber M. (2015). Childhood trauma and its relation to chronic depression in adulthood. Depression Research and Treatment 2015 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/650804","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/650804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman R. E. Byeambaa M. De R. Butchart A. Scott J. Vos T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse emotional abuse and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 9(11) Article e1001349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opel N. Redlich R. Dohm K. Zaremba D. Goltermann J. Repple J. Kaehler C. Grotegerd D. Leehr E. J. B\u00f6hnlein J. F\u00f6rster K. Meinert S. Enneking V. Sindermann L. Dzvonyar F. Emden D. Leenings R. Winter N. Hahn T. Dannlowski U. (2019). Mediation of the influence of childhood maltreatment on depression relapse by cortical structure: A 2-year longitudinal observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 6 318\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30044-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30044-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pos K. Boyette L. L. Meijer C. J. Koeter M. Krabbendam L. de Haan L. & for GROUP. (2016). The effect of childhood trauma and Five-Factor Model personality traits on exposure to adult life events in patients with psychotic disorders. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 21(6) 462\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13546805.2016.1236014","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2016.1236014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"La violencia en Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez","author":"Qui\u00f1ones J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qui\u00f1ones J., Esparza O. A., Carrillo I. C. (2013). La violencia en Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez [Violence in Juarez City]. Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"Quinones S. (2016 June). Once the world\u2019s most dangerous city Ju\u00e1rez returns to life. National Geographic. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2016\/06\/juarez-mexico-border-city-drug-cartels-murder-revival.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehan W. Antfolk J. Johansson A. Jern P. Santtila P. (2017). Experiences of severe childhood maltreatment depression anxiety and alcohol abuse among adults in Finland. PLOS ONE 12(5) Article e0177252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177252","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale\u2013College Version manual","author":"Reynolds C. R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reynolds C. R., Richmond B. O., Lowe P. A. (2003). The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale\u2013College Version manual. Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachs-Ericsson N. Gayman M. D. Kendall-Tackett K. Lloyd D. A. Medley A. Collins N. Corsentino E. Sawyer K. (2010). The long-term impact of childhood abuse on internalizing disorders among older adults: The moderating role of self-esteem. Aging & Mental Health 14(4) 489\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607860903191382","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860903191382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","unstructured":"Senate of the Mexican Republic. (2019). M\u00e9xico primer lugar de la OCDE en maltrato infantil [Mexico first place in the OECD in child maltreatment]. http:\/\/comunicacion.senado.gob.mx\/index.php\/periodo-ordinario\/boletines\/15298-mexico-primer-lugar-de-la-ocde-en-maltrato-infantil-senador-martinez-martinez.HTML"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods","author":"Snedecor G. W.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Snedecor G. W., Cochran W. G. (1989). Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer R. L. Williams J. B. Kroenke K. Linzer M. DeGruy F. V. Hahn S. R. Brody D. Johnson J. G. (1994). Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. Journal of the American Medical Association 272 1749\u20131756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220043029","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220043029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. (2019a). Informe anual M\u00e9xico 2018 [Annual inform Mexico 2018]. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mexico\/informes\/informe-anual-unicef-m%C3%A9xico-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. (2019b). Panorama estad\u00edstico de la violencia contra ni\u00f1as ni\u00f1os y adolescentes en M\u00e9xico [Statistical overview of violence against children and adolescents in Mexico]. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mexico\/media\/1731\/file\/UNICEF%20PanoramaEstadistico.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdez-Santiago R. H\u00edjar-Medina M. C. Salgado V. N. Rivera-Rivera L. Avila-Burgos L. Rojas R. (2006). Escala de violencia e \u00edndice de severidad: Una propuesta metodol\u00f3gica para medir la violencia de pareja en mujeres mexicanas [Violence scale and severity index: A methodological proposal to measure intimate partner violence in Mexican women]. Salud P\u00fablica de M\u00e9xico 48(2) 221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0036-36342006000800002","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342006000800002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigil-Colet A. Morales-Vives F. Camps E. Tous J. Lorenzo-Seva U. (2013). Development and validation of the Overall Personality Assessment Scale (OPERAS). Psicothema 25(1) 100\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2011.411","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2011.411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/world_report\/chapters\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Child maltreatment. The health sector responds. https:\/\/childhub.org\/en\/child-protection-multimedia-resources\/new-who-infographic-brochure-child-maltreatment-infographic"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","unstructured":"Y\u00f6yen E. G. (2017). Relationship between childhood trauma and personality typology. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences 3(1) 123\u2013129. http:\/\/www.ibaness.org\/bnejss\/2017_03_01\/014_Y%C3%B6yen.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520943729","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520943729","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520943729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:00Z","timestamp":1777504680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520943729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520943729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520943729","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]}}}