{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:35:50Z","timestamp":1777854950149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of France","award":["16SANIN2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16SANIN2010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Women working in the entertainment industry are confronted with various forms of gender-based violence (GBV). However, their vulnerability remains understudied, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to examine the prevalence of GBV among female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia and identify factors associated with victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study in November 2018 for the impact evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. We used a stratified random sampling method to recruit 600 FEWs from different entertainment venues in the capital city and three other provinces. Female data collectors administered a structured questionnaire, and we performed multiple logistic regression analyses. Of the total, 60.5% had experienced a form of GBV during their lifetime; of whom, 37.5% experienced the GBV in the past 6 months. The prevalence of emotional abuse, forced substance use, physical abuse, and forced sex was 51.5%, 25.0%, 20.6%, and 2.9%, respectively. Forced substance use and forced sex were mainly perpetrated by clients, physical abuse by intimate partners, and emotional abuse by others such as entertainment establishment owners or managers. FEWs victimized by clients (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.07, 0.53]) and others (RRR = 0.11, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.44]) were less likely to be married compared with victims of intimate partner violence. Factors associated with sexual harassment were working in beer gardens (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = [1.20, 4.73]) and restaurants\/caf\u00e9s (aOR = 1.65, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.69]), and having higher acceptance of violence against women (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.24]). FEWs in Cambodia experience high levels and unique forms of GBV as they are confronted with different types of perpetrators. Interventions need to be tailored to fit the specific needs of FEWs. Interventions aimed at reducing client-perpetrated violence should specifically focus on forced substance use and forced sex, while physical abuse by intimate partners should also be addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520948145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T08:20:14Z","timestamp":1597652414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gender-Based Violence and Factors Associated with Victimization among Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Carlijn Willeke","family":"Wieten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pheak","family":"Chhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sovannary","family":"Tuot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carinne","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"},{"name":"Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA"},{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9505-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2814-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1691596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2614-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using participatory methods to build an mHealth intervention for female entertainment workers in Cambodia: The development of the Mobile Link project","volume":"5","author":"Chhoun P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chhoun P., Kaplan K. C., Wieten C., Jelveh I., Lienemann M., Tuot S., Yi S., Brody C. (2019). Using participatory methods to build an mHealth intervention for female entertainment workers in Cambodia: The development of the Mobile Link project. mHealth, 5(24), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"mHealth"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva Lima F. S. Merch\u00e1n-Hamann E. Urdaneta M. Damacena G. N. Szwarcwald C. L. (2017). Fatores associados \u00e0 viol\u00eancia contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras [Factors associated with violence against female sex workers in ten Brazilian cities]. Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica 33 Article e00157815.","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00157815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31827df174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.028"},{"issue":"128","key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"High pregnancy incidence and low contraceptive use among a prospective cohort of female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"18","author":"Duff P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duff P., Evans J. L., Stein E. S., Page K., Maher L., & on behalf of the Young Women\u2019s Health Study Collaborative. (2018). High pregnancy incidence and low contraceptive use among a prospective cohort of female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(128), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir539"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment","author":"Fitzgerald L. F.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fitzgerald L. F., Swan S., Magley V. J. (1997). But was it really sexual harassment? Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women. In O\u2019Donohue W. (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5\u201328). Allyn & Bacon."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"World report on violence and health","author":"Heise L.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heise L., Garcia-Moreno C. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. In Krug E. G., Dahlberg L. L., Mercy J. A., Zwi A. B., Lozano R. (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 87\u2013121). World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","author":"International Labour Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"International Labour Organization. (2011). Cambodia\u2014Addressing HIV vulnerabilities of indirect sex workers during the financial crisis: Situation analysis, strategies and entry points for HIV\/AIDS workplace education.","journal-title":"Cambodia\u2014Addressing HIV vulnerabilities of indirect sex workers during the financial crisis: Situation analysis, strategies and entry points for HIV\/AIDS workplace education"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"Violence against women: An international perspective","author":"Johnson H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson H., Ollus N., Nevala S. (2008). Violence against women: An international perspective. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/healhumarigh.17.1.102"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Selling sex in unsafe spaces: Sex work risk environments in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Maher L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maher L., Mooney-Somers J., Phlong P., Couture M.-C., Stein E., Evans J., Cockroft M., Sansothy N., Nemoto T., Page K., & the Young Women\u2019s Health Study Collaborative. (2011). Selling sex in unsafe spaces: Sex work risk environments in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Harm Reduction Journal, 8(30), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00270-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","author":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS Dermatology and STD","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS Dermatology and STD. (2014). Report on the first comprehensive GIS mapping of key populations at risk of HIV Infection in Cambodia.","journal-title":"Report on the first comprehensive GIS mapping of key populations at risk of HIV Infection in Cambodia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","author":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS Dermatology and STD","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS Dermatology and STD. (2017). Annual report.","journal-title":"Annual report"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v35n04_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"Psychometric theory 3E","author":"Nunnally J. C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally J. C. (1994). Psychometric theory 3E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","author":"Oxfam Cambodia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oxfam Cambodia. (2019). Entertainment workers: Social protection for the most marginalized informal workers.","journal-title":"Entertainment workers: Social protection for the most marginalized informal workers"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515601480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2011.049544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9061-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2939"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","author":"United Nations Development Programs","year":"2012","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programs. (2012). Sex work and the law in Asia and the Pacific.","journal-title":"Sex work and the law in Asia and the Pacific"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: A comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries","volume":"9","author":"Uthman O. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uthman O. A., Lawoko S., Moradi T. (2009). Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: A comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 9(14), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC International Health and Human Rights"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","volume-title":"Report on the status of Cambodian women: Domestic violence, sexual assaults and trafficking for sexual exploitation","author":"Walsh M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walsh M. (2007). Report on the status of Cambodian women: Domestic violence, sexual assaults and trafficking for sexual exploitation. Montr\u00e9al Institute of International Studies."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e2118a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08221-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9723-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2007). The third milestones of a global campaign for violence prevention report."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0954-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007947"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520948145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520948145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520948145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:04Z","timestamp":1777504684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520948145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520948145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520948145","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]}}}