{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:13:32Z","timestamp":1788966812675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Social support is crucial for adapting to stress and trauma, processing adverse emotions, developing better mental health, and garnering relationship success. Yet, social support may not always be accessible to those who need it the most. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews, this study examined how men who have perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) perceived the availability and adequacy of social ties, as well as how they discursively constructed social support during times of childhood adversity. Results indicated a prevalence of trauma in attachment relationships, a lack of perceived social support, and persistent messages that discouraged help seeking and engendered masculine norms (e.g., self-reliance, aggression, rejection of femininity, restrictive emotionality) and communication styles. The current study illustrates how the effects of adverse childhood experiences may be exacerbated by the absence of positive social ties and adherence to masculine gender norms governing communication. Thus, the protective benefit (or the \u201cbuffering effect\u201d) of social support appears to be inaccessible for this specific population. Findings suggest so-called \u201cbatterer intervention program\u201d groups could provide measures to increase perpetrators\u2019 sense of social support during the intervention process and work to deconstruct additional masculine gender beliefs (i.e., in addition to power and control) to alleviate some of social and psychological effects of early childhood adversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520961869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1601035176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["\u201cI Didn\u2019t Really Have Anybody to Turn To\u201d: Barriers to Social Support and the Experiences of Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Hoskins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrianne","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerge: A group education model for abusers","author":"Adams D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adams D., , & Cayouette S. (2002). Emerge: A group education model for abusers. In Aldarondo E., & Mederos F. (Eds.), Programs for men who batter: Intervention and prevention strategies in a diverse society (pp. 1\u201325). Civic Research Institute.","journal-title":"Programs for men who batter: Intervention and prevention strategies in a diverse society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007558330501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bowlby J. (1969). Attachment: Vol. 1. Attachment and loss. Basic Books.","journal-title":"Attachment: Vol. 1. Attachment and loss."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6811.00033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals","author":"Burleson B. R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burleson B. R., , & Goldsmith D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In Anderson P. A., & Guerrero L. K. (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 245\u2013280). Academic Press.","journal-title":"Communication and emotion: Theory, research, and applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770903051009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204016630033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483327563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.9.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02336665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10674-005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","author":"EMERGE.","year":"2000","unstructured":"EMERGE. (2000). EMERGE batterers intervention group program manual. EMERGE: Counseling & Education to Stop Domestic Violence.","journal-title":"EMERGE batterers intervention group program manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdm071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2009.01228.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0_21"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"1009","article-title":"\u201cI don\u2019t even deserve a chance\u201d: An ethnographic study of adverse childhood experiences among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence.","volume":"25","author":"Hoskins N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoskins N., , & Kunkel A. (2020). \u201cI don\u2019t even deserve a chance\u201d: An ethnographic study of adverse childhood experiences among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence.. The Qualitative Report, 25(4), 1009\u20131037.","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","author":"Janoff-Bulman R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Janoff-Bulman R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. The Free Press.","journal-title":"Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517692996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","author":"Katz J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katz J. (2006). The macho paradox: Why some men hurt women and how all men can help. Sourcebooks.","journal-title":"The macho paradox: Why some men hurt women and how all men can help."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1999.tb00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X13491410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jms.1502.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","author":"Lindlof T. R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lindlof T. R., , & Taylor B. C. (2017). Qualitative communication research methods (4th ed.). Sage.","journal-title":"Qualitative communication research methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Supportive communication","author":"MacGeorge E. L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacGeorge E. L., , Feng B., , & Burleson B. R. (2011). Supportive communication. In Knapp M. L., & Daly J. A. (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 317\u2013354). Sage.","journal-title":"Handbook of interpersonal communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452270142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","author":"Minor R. N.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Minor R. N. (2001). Scared straight: Why it\u2019s so hard to accept gay people and why it\u2019s so hard to be human. Humanity Works.","journal-title":"Scared straight: Why it\u2019s so hard to accept gay people and why it\u2019s so hard to be human"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826179913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","author":"Pence E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pence E., , & Paymar M. (2011). Creating a process of change for men who batter: An education curriculum (Rev. ed.). Program Development Duluth, Minnesota.","journal-title":"Creating a process of change for men who batter: An education curriculum (Rev. ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231952.n1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","author":"Pennebaker J. W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pennebaker J. W., , & Smyth J. M. (2016). Opening up by writing it down: How expressive writing improves health and eases emotional pain (3rd ed.). Guilford.","journal-title":"Opening up by writing it down: How expressive writing improves health and eases emotional pain"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.34.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v07n01_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02333338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","author":"Tracy S. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tracy S. J. (2013). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. Wiley-Blackwell.","journal-title":"Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/yale\/9780300102185.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509105520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502238733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195126709.003.0004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520961869","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520961869","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520961869","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1782754919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520961869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520961869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520961869","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}