{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:26:38Z","timestamp":1792171598827,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although transgender women of color, specifically Black and Latina experience gender-based violence in a variety of contexts, one of the most consistently reported is from a dating or romantic partner. This qualitative study sought to understand the manifestations and consequences of stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating or romantic relationships. Between January and February 2019, we purposively recruited 33 transgender women of color to participate in five focus group discussions and complete a brief survey. We employed both inductive and deductive approaches to coding and thematic analysis. We identified different forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma experienced by transgender women of color seeking romantic relationships and by those in romantic relationships. For those dating and seeking relationships, anti-transgender interpersonal stigma took the form of dehumanizing stereotypes and sexual objectification. While these manifestations of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma persisted for some within relationships, concealment behaviors from partners was the predominant type of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma. Each of these forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma had significant gender-based violence consequences, specifically encountering physical violence, experiencing psychological trauma, and engaging in survival strategies. In the current climate of COVID-19, which is exacerbating risks of gender-based violence, there is an urgent need to understand and address the nuanced manifestations of stigma in relationships and their consequences on the lives of transgender women of color. Culturally grounded gender-based violence prevention policies and programs with transgender women should address these forms of stigma and build on community strengths. Findings also highlight the importance of future research and gender-based violence prevention programming with cisgender men in\/seeking partnerships with transgender women of color.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520976186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T02:44:16Z","timestamp":1606790656000},"page":"NP8161-NP8189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women of Color in Their Dating and Romantic Relationships: Implications for Gender-based Violence Prevention Programs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristi E.","family":"Gamarel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jadwin-Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4135-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley M.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Lacombe-Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racquelle","family":"Trammell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Trans Sistas of Color Project, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilianna A.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Sistas of Color Project, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cierra","family":"Burks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Sistas of Color Project, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Br\u00e9","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Sistas of Color Project, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260520976186","unstructured":"American Bar Association. (2013).\n                      Resolution 113A\n                      . Retrieved, April 25, 2020, lgbtbar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2014\/02\/Gay-and-TransPanic-Defenses-Resolution.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2018.1447395"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141575"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260520976186","author":"Boyatzis R. E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300796"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000333"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260520976186","unstructured":"Brown M. E. (2018 January 2). Trans Sistas of color activists make positive changes in peoples\u2019 lives.\n                      Pride Source\n                      . https:\/\/pridesource.com\/article\/trans-sistas-of-color-activists-make-positive-change-in-peoples-lives\/"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260520976186","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019).\n                      Intimate partner violence: Prevention strategies\n                      . https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/intimatepartnerviolence\/prevention.html"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684319889595"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.9.996"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512445378"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1320733"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000279"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260520976186","author":"Gamarel K. 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(2015).\n                      Shelter\/housing needs for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) victims of domestic violence: Analysis of public hearing testimony, October 27, 2005\n                      . http:\/\/www.ncdsv.org\/images\/shelterhousingneedsforglbtvictimsdv.pdf"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2020.1780661"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.07.038"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260520976186","first-page":"198","volume":"27","author":"Greenberg K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9299-3"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2019.1617191"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260520976186","unstructured":"James S., Herman J., Rankin S., Keisling M., Mottet L. & Anafi M. (2016). The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality. www.ustranssurvey.org\/"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12261"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518787811"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v08n02_06"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519876024"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112867"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11347023"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204263199"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260520976186","author":"Lincoln Y.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naturalistic inquiry"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1459845"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2016.1167191"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050601065909"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4387"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369429-4\/50037-9"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260520976186","unstructured":"National Center for Victims of Crime & National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. (2010).\n                      Why it matters: Rethinking victim assistance for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer victims of hate violence & intimate partner violence\n                      . http:\/\/ncdsv.org\/"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260520976186","unstructured":"National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. (2013).\n                      Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and HIV-affected intimate partner violence\n                      . http:\/\/www.avp.org\/resources\/avp-resources\/273-2012-report-onlesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-queer-and-hiv-affectedintimate-partner-violence"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v08n02_02"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1462-2"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260520976186","author":"Patton M. 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M., Neilands T. B., Dilworth S., Castro D. & Johnson M. O. (2019). Sheroes: Feasibility and acceptability of a community-driven, group-level HIV intervention program for transgender women.\n                      AIDS and Behavior\n                      , 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org10.1007\/s10461-019-02683-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02683-6"},{"key":"bibr63-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0032"},{"key":"bibr64-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-018-0155-5"},{"key":"bibr65-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000234"},{"key":"bibr66-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029604"},{"key":"bibr67-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x"},{"key":"bibr68-0886260520976186","author":"Trammell R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Love her collective: Utilizing participatory-based research principles to improve the lives of trans women of color in Detroit, Michigan"},{"key":"bibr69-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9"},{"key":"bibr70-0886260520976186","unstructured":"USA Today\n                      . (2020, September 1). Tans women of color create a network of support. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/videos\/life\/womankind\/2020\/08\/27\/trans-women-color-create-network-support\/3414424001\/?fbclid=IwAR0c2SNeMHtILbZc_95d_ti5Bz6SqZBGYYdFE011SXuEUEznvbdi9RewmWA"},{"key":"bibr71-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.32.3.458"},{"key":"bibr72-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018757749"},{"key":"bibr73-0886260520976186","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence"},{"key":"bibr74-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v08n02_04"},{"key":"bibr75-0886260520976186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9887-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520976186","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520976186","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520976186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:35Z","timestamp":1777504715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520976186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520976186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520976186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}}}