{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:38:15Z","timestamp":1777855095213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to validate an original and innovative survey focused on both teens\u2019 personal beliefs and how they perceived their peers\u2019 beliefs regarding relationship abuse with four research questions: What are the measured constructs in this survey? Is the hypothesized factor structure of the five types of relationship abuse confirmed? Does the validity of constructs vary among racial\/ethnic groups and genders? Are there differences between teens\u2019 own beliefs on relationship abuse and their perceptions of peers\u2019 beliefs? To address these questions, two confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were examined with 591 high school students\u2019 responses. The first CFA model was created based on the exploratory factor analysis results and the second CFA model was created based on the theoretically hypothesized model of five types of relationship abuse. The results indicate that the 5-factor, 11-item model based on the theoretical hypothesis is the best fit to the data. The multiple group model analysis demonstrated that the identified CFA measurement model was invariant across different gender and racial\/ethnic groups. The validated instrument of Teen Beliefs on Relationship Abuse Measure is a reliable and valid way to measure both teens\u2019 personal beliefs and their perceptions of peers\u2019 beliefs on five types of relationship abuse including emotional, physical, sexual, stalking, and digital abuses. With the validated model, t-test results indicate that teens\u2019 own beliefs are significantly more positive than their perceptions of their peers\u2019 beliefs for all the five factors. The measure is useful for researchers, educators, and parents to measure and understand teen perceptions of themselves and their peers on different types of relationship abuses to better support them develop healthy, respectful, and nonviolent relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520976220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T04:26:09Z","timestamp":1607055969000},"page":"NP8369-NP8404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Development and Validation of Teen Beliefs on Relationship Abuse Measure (TBRAM)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5911-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conflict Center, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260520976220","author":"Arbuckle J. 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