{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:36:46Z","timestamp":1777855006315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the possible ecological association between aggregate blood lead levels (BLL) and rates of child maltreatment. To this end, we employed an ecologic study design, analyzing results from 59,645 child BLL tests between the years 1996 and 2007, and 6,640 substantiated maltreatment investigations from 2006 to 2016 in a large Midwest city. Separate Bayesian spatial Poisson conditional autoregressive (CAR) and Bayesian spatial zero-inflated Poisson CAR models were used to predict the occurrence of maltreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Bivariate results showed that aggregate rates of maltreatment increased as aggregate BLL increased. Multivariate results showed that medium-exposure BLL census tracts (OR = 1.38) and high-exposure BLL tracts (OR = 1.38) had increased odds of substantiated investigations for any maltreatment compared to low BLL census tracts even after controlling for crime rates, age of the housing stock, and concentrated disadvantage. Our findings, considered with prior research, continue to reveal a confluence of deleterious outcomes in areas where exposure to lead seems elevated. In this case, child maltreatment also appears to represent a macro-level correlate of aggregate lead exposure. Yet our results preclude any causal inference, and further research on the intersection of child maltreatment with environmental toxins is needed to determine if contaminant abatement should be considered as a possible maltreatment prevention strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520980390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T14:09:45Z","timestamp":1607609385000},"page":"NP10418-NP10428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aggregate-level Lead Exposure and Child Maltreatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse J.","family":"Helton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian B.","family":"Boutwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4162-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jisuk","family":"Seon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050115"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.1560"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.023"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050112"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260520980390","author":"Commission to Eliminate Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Within our reach: A national strategy to eliminate child abuse and neglect fatalities"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.025"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr8-0886260520980390","first-page":"22","volume":"78","author":"Dewalt F. G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Health"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1616"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1469-0"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016661034"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21756"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000388"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.005"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2013.04.014"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.01.002"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260520980390","unstructured":"Nguyen A. & O\u2019Dea J. (2019, January 3). Interactive map: Median age of housing in St. Louis by neighborhood.\n                      St. Louis Today\n                      . https:\/\/www.stltoday.com\/interactive-map-median-age-of-housing-in-st-louis-by\/html_236c83e9-103e-5337-be58-49a9d2ec1d6a.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr19-0886260520980390","first-page":"2","volume":"11","author":"Patrick L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2006.07.016"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710189104"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650404500207"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260520980390","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2011).\n                      American Healthy Homes Survey: Lead and arsenic findings\n                      . Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https:\/\/www.hud.gov\/sites\/documents\/AHHS_REPORT.PDF"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260520980390","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2015).\n                      American Community Survey\n                      . http:\/\/www.census.gov\/acs\/www\/"},{"issue":"13","key":"bibr25-0886260520980390","first-page":"245","volume":"62","author":"Wheeler W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260520980390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303903"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520980390","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520980390","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520980390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:43Z","timestamp":1777504723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520980390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520980390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520980390","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]}}}