{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:37:21Z","timestamp":1777855041023,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conflict settings are often the context of some of the highest rates of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Although women are disproportionately the victims of SGBV, they are not the only victims. Indirect impacts of SGBV also impact men, families, and communities. Examining SGBV as only a woman\u2019s concern reinforces the hegemonic gender-binary view that SGBV somehow does not include men, who can be direct victims of SGBV, family members of female victims of SGBV, and\/or perpetrators of SGBV. This qualitative study seeks to fill a gap by exploring the impact of SGBV on individuals, families, and communities, and potential options to ameliorate those issues. Data were collected in 2019 from community-based discussions in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Women described being direct victims of SGBV, as well as the burden of being at constant alert to the possible threat of violence. Men talked more about SGBV being perpetrated against women, and the indirect effect on men\u2019s perception of their social husband and\/or father role to protect and provide for their family. Taken together, women and men describe three types of violence: sexual violence by an unknown assailant who is often associated the rebel groups or the military; sexual violence from a known assailant within one\u2019s community; and sexual or physical violence within intimate partnerships (i.e., intimate partner violence). Women focused more on community-based solutions to reduce their exposure to violence, while men discussed the government\u2019s responsibility to end the long-standing conflict that has severely disrupted lives. Practically, these findings support the need to specify different types of SGBV, and the opportunity to tailor interventions by type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520983301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T01:43:26Z","timestamp":1608774206000},"page":"NP9469-NP9495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Male and Female Perceptions and Experiences of Sexual and Gender-based Violence in South Kivu, Eastern DRC"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elyse J.","family":"Thulin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lustig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Outreach Doctors, Santa Fe, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violette","family":"Perrotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marx","family":"Lwabanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nundu Deaconess Hospital, Bukav, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2013.769775"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rkhaug I. & B\u00f8\u00e5s M. (2014).\n                      Men, women, and gender-based violence in North Kivu, DRC\n                      . Fafo. http:\/\/www.fafo.no\/images\/pub\/2014\/20386.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10691-009-9118-5"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxy025"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci4030668"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13623699.2011.645144"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Cuneo C. N., Rosenberg J., Madore A. & Weintraub R. (2017).\n                      Improving Mental Health Services for Survivors of Sexual Violence in the DRC\n                      . https:\/\/www.globalhealthdelivery.org\/files\/ghd\/files\/ghd-038_mental_health_in_the_drc.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v3i1.76"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260520983301","author":"Dobash R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-5436.12071"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1816383117000388"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Durick H. E. (2013).\n                      Post-conflict Development in Northern Uganda: The Importance of Holistically Addressing Sexual and Gender-based Violence\n                      [Honors Thesis, University of Tennessee]. https:\/\/trace.tennessee.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2625&context=utk_chanhonoproj"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X12469878"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00223433030405006"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1372967"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260520983301","author":"Foucault M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"History of sexuality"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1023-4"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.966150"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Global Protection Cluster (GPC). (2019).\n                      Handbook for coordinating gender-based violence interventions in emergencies\n                      . https:\/\/www.un.org\/sexualviolenceinconflict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/report\/handbook-for-coordinating-gender-based-violence-interventions-in-emergencies\/Handbook_for_Coordinating_GBV_in_Emergencies_fin.01.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr21-0886260520983301","first-page":"171","volume":"5","author":"Green J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hastings Women\u2019s Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.07.009"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260520983301","unstructured":"International Criminal Court. (1998).\n                      Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court\n                      . https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6b3a84.html"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260520983301","unstructured":"International Rescue Committee. (2019).\n                      \u201cEverything on her shoulders:\u201d Rapid assessment on gender and violence against women and girls in the Ebola outbreak in Beni, DRC\n                      . https:\/\/www.rescue.org\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/3593\/genderandgbvfindingsduringevdresponseindrc-final8march2019.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1165.1000124"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1086"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-5-25"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.671961"},{"key":"bibr29-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-10-28"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Kishi R., Pavlik M. & Matfess H. (2019).\n                      \u201cTerribly and terrifyingly normal:\u201d Political violence targeting women\n                      . ACLED. https:\/\/acleddata.com\/acleddatanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ACLED_Report_PoliticalViolenceTargetingWomen_5.2019.pdf"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33170-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr32-0886260520983301","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Liebling-Kalifani H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2013.769771"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684317705086"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0200-6"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2369-9_4"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260520983301","unstructured":"OHCHR. (2020).\n                      Rpport public sur les conflits en territoire de Djugu, province de l\u2019Ituri D\u00e9cembre 2017 \u00e0 septembre 2019\n                      . https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25460&LangID=E"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164631"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr39-0886260520983301","first-page":"119","volume":"12","author":"Oosterveld V.","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of International and Comparative Law"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0b013e3181a3b0c4"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260520983301","unstructured":"Prendergast J. (2009).\n                      Can you hear Congo now? Cell phones, conflict minerals and the worst sexual violence in the world\n                      . Enough Project. https:\/\/enoughproject.org\/reports\/can-you-hear-congo-now-cell-phones-conflict-minerals-and-worst-sexual-violence-world"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732303253488"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-017-0171-1"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15423166.2010.735076776752"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006299"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260520983301","author":"Stearns J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/ghs.2011.040208"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations. (1995).\n                      Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women\n                      . https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3dde04324.html"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations. (2015).\n                      The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action turns\n                      20. http:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/7497\/-The_Beijing_Declaration_and_Platform_for_Action_Turns_20-2015The-Beijing-Declaration-and-Platform-for-Action-turns-20_2015.pdf.pdf?sequence=3"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations. (2019).\n                      Democratic Republic of the Congo\u2014United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict\n                      . https:\/\/www.un.org\/sexualviolenceinconflict\/countries\/democratic-republic-of-the-congo\/"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2003).\n                      Sexual and gender-based violence against refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons: Guidelines for prevention and response\n                      . https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/protection\/women\/3f696bcc4\/sexual-gender-based-violence-against-refugees-returnees-internally-displaced.html"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commission. (2014).\n                      Sexual and gender-based violence in the context of transitional justice\n                      . https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/Issues\/Women\/WRGS\/OnePagers\/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence.pdf"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations Joint Human Rights Office. (2020).\n                      Rapport public sur les conflits en territoire de Djugu, province de l\u2019Ituri\n                      . https:\/\/ohchr.org\/Documents\/Countries\/RDC\/RDCRapportpublicDjugu.pdf"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260520983301","unstructured":"United Nations Security Council. (2008).\n                      Resolution 1820 (2008). Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008\n                      (pp. 1\u20135). https:\/\/www.securitycouncilreport.org\/atf\/cf\/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D\/CAC%20S%20RES%201820.pdf"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260520983301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12048"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260520983301","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1979","journal-title":"The battered woman"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520983301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520983301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520983301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:46Z","timestamp":1777504726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520983301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520983301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520983301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}