{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:33:18Z","timestamp":1791124398327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study of a South Asian community in the midwestern USA examines what bystanders do when they witness an incident of intimate partner violence (IPV). Because of ethical and safety constraints, in lieu of observation in a natural setting, data were collected at a Peerformance, a peer-led IPV prevention program, using the forum theatre method introduced in Augusto Boal\u2019s Theatre of the Oppressed. Event attendees were invited to respond to an IPV incident enacted by peer educators in which a controlling husband\u2019s behavior escalates to the point of suggesting physical violence. Using a grounded theory approach, we analyzed the videotaped bystander actions while applying pertinent aspects of visual analysis. Event attendees responded in variety of ways, exploring and\/or de-escalating the situation, providing information, and encouraging the couple to resolve their conflict and\/or seek outside help. They expressed empathy, support, and (dis)agreement with the husband and the wife. Their actions encompassed a number of dimensions: introductory, investigative, supportive\/empathic, informational, instructional, instrumental, and confrontational. Participants\u2019 vastly varied responses to IPV within the same scenario suggest difficulty in developing a generic IPV bystander program. The findings also suggest possible directions for developing bystander programs to address IPV. In lieu of prescribing and\/or proscribing specific actions in a given risk situation, bystander training can help participants build their repertoire of actions while collectively examining the strengths and limitations of various actions in their sociocultural context. Such bystander training is complex and difficult to manualize; it will involve reflexive and critical discussions and learning and trying out various possible alternatives. A Peerformance is a site of action, a realistic and familiar milieu where community members can imagine and try out interventions that may be different from the norm of indifference and non-intervention. It can open up new possibilities for addressing IPV in diverse communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520985482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T05:33:46Z","timestamp":1610688826000},"page":"NP10196-NP10219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of Bystander Behavior Towards Intimate Partner Violence via Peerformance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieko","family":"Yoshihama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Hammock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmeh","family":"Baidoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/097152150501200212"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211410212"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260520985482","first-page":"411","author":"Alexander B. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"The handbook of qualitative research"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023544"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033470"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.02.006"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260520985482","author":"Boal A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Theatre of the oppressed"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20159120"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684314526855"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9581-5"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260520985482","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constructing grounded theory"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260520985482","unstructured":"Cohn D. V. (2015, October 5).\n                      Future immigration will change the face of America by 2065\n                      . https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2015\/10\/05\/future-immigration-will-change-the-face-of-america-by-2065\/"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.01.020"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260520985482","author":"Collier J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62122-7_239-1"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260520985482","author":"Freire P.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260520985482","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"1967","journal-title":"The discovery of grounded theory"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020062.n8"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1790572"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0038-4941.2005.00313.x"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435385.n4"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517689888"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517723143"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518790593"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260520985482","author":"Huang G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook on interpersonal violence across the lifespan"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038230"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1431906"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr29-0886260520985482","first-page":"1","volume":"74","author":"Kalhan A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maryland Law Review"},{"key":"bibr30-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.65.2.55533188520136u1"},{"key":"bibr30a-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801217753322"},{"key":"bibr31-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331502418786718"},{"key":"bibr32-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00263.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0886260520985482","author":"Klein E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ending domestic violence: Changing public perceptions\/halting the epidemic"},{"key":"bibr31a-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knoblauch H. & Tuma R. (2011). Videography: An interpretative approach to video-recorded microsocial interaction. In Margolis E.  & Pauwels L. (Eds.),\n                      The handbook of visual research methods\n                      (pp. 414\u2013430). Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268278.n22"},{"key":"bibr34-0886260520985482","author":"Latan\u00e9 B.","year":"1970","journal-title":"The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn\u2019t he help?"},{"key":"bibr35-0886260520985482","author":"Lincoln Y. S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naturalistic inquiry"},{"key":"bibr36-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011426015"},{"key":"bibr37-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515591979"},{"key":"bibr38-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jcc-2013-0019"},{"key":"bibr39-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515591979"},{"key":"bibr40-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyv022"},{"key":"bibr41-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.03.007"},{"key":"bibr42-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211417152"},{"key":"bibr43-0886260520985482","first-page":"51","author":"Mondada L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Video analysis: Methodology and methods"},{"key":"bibr44-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211409726"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268278.n1"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260520985482","author":"Pink S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Doing visual ethnography: Images, media, and representation in research."},{"key":"bibr47-0886260520985482","unstructured":"Planty M. (2002, July).\n                      Third-party involvement in violent crime, 1993-99\n                      [Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report]. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/tpivc99.pdf"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208327482"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13569783.2015.1059747"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260520985482","author":"Rai A.","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260520985482","first-page":"195","author":"Saldana J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of the arts in qualitative research"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260520985482","first-page":"1","author":"Stanczak G. C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Visual research methods"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.10.018"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260520985482","first-page":"68","author":"Sthanki M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Body evidence"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516673629"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1424-8"},{"key":"bibr57-0886260520985482","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2017).\n                      American community survey Asian alone by selected groups\n                      . https:\/\/data.census.gov\/cedsci\/table?q=American%20community%20survey%20Asian%20alone%20by%20selected%20groups&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02015&hidePreview=false"},{"key":"bibr58-0886260520985482","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013).\n                      Global and regional estimates of violence against women.\n                      https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/9789241564625\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr59-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9700-0"},{"key":"bibr60-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(01)00021-0"},{"key":"bibr61-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015393204820"},{"key":"bibr62-0886260520985482","unstructured":"Yoshihama M. (2009). Literature on intimate partner violence in immigrant and refugee communities: Review and recommendations. In Family Violence Prevention Fund (Ed.),\n                      Intimate partner violence in immigrant and refugee communities: Challenges, promising practices and recommendations\n                      (pp. 34\u201364). Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/en\/library\/research\/2009\/03\/intimate-partner-violence-in-immigrant-and-refugee-communities.html"},{"key":"bibr63-0886260520985482","unstructured":"Yoshihama M., Dabby C. & Luo S. (2020).\n                      Facts & stats report updated & expanded 2020: Domestic violence in Asian & Pacific Islander homes\n                      [Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence]. https:\/\/www.api-gbv.org\/resources\/facts-stats-dv-api-homes\/"},{"key":"bibr64-0886260520985482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212455163"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520985482","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260520985482","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260520985482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:49Z","timestamp":1777504729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260520985482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260520985482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520985482","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]}}}