{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:40:12Z","timestamp":1792687212112,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gender-based violence (GBV) is a reproductive health issue prevalent among persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, but is largely under-reported in Nigeria. Although GBV affects both sexes, the prevalence is higher in women as compared to men. The objective of this study was to assess the experiences of female internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria during conflict and post-conflict situations. The study was conducted among IDPs in Edo State, south-south region of Nigeria. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire administered on 300 female IDPs. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. GBV perpetrated by non-family members during conflict was experienced by 22.2% of the respondents while 13.5% experienced post-conflict violence. Up to 12.2% reported violence by intimate partners. Physical violence was commonly experienced during conflict, while sexual violence was most common post-conflict. Logistic regression analysis showed that the vulnerable categories of women were adolescents, unmarried women, women of Hausa origin, women who never attended school, and those whose displacement took place in the year prior to the study. The IDP camp appeared to offer some protection against GBV as those who had stayed in the camp longer were less likely to experience post-conflict GBV. The lack of implementation of effective laws and regulations that prevent violence against women and punish perpetuators in the country, and the ineffective security systems are some of the factors that sustain GBV. The results of this study have implications for the design of programs for the prevention of GBV during conflict and post-conflict situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211001464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T19:32:47Z","timestamp":1615923167000},"page":"NP12794-NP12819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Experience of Gender-based Violence by Internally Displaced Women in Southern Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwadamilola A.","family":"Adejumo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorretta","family":"Ntoimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University Oye Ekiti, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Odimayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasiu O.","family":"Adebimpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedette","family":"Okiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Osungbemiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Olajuyigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Igbafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiola","family":"Temitayo-Oboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toyin","family":"Faboya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olubunmi","family":"Oludiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friday E.","family":"Okonofua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(01)00126-7"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5118-1"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Aham-Chiabuotu C. B. (2019).\n                      Suffering, solidarity and spirituality: The lived experiences of internally displaced women in Northern Nigeria\n                      [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Otago, New Zealand]. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10523\/9385"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-08862605211001464","first-page":"80","volume":"44","author":"Ahmed A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Society"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211001464","first-page":"26","volume":"51","author":"Alobo E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Amnesty International. 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(2014).\n                      The Nigerian police force creates a gender unit\n                      . https:\/\/www.britishcouncil.org.ng\/about\/press\/nigerian-police-force-creates-gender-unit"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211001464","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence. (2011).\n                      Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 210\n                      . https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/conventions\/full-list\/-\/conventions\/rms\/090000168008482e"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211001464","unstructured":"European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). (2019).\n                      Understanding intimate partner violence in the EU: The role of data\n                      . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2839\/482468"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Eves R. (2012).\n                      Christianity, masculinity and gender violence in Papua New Guinea Australian National University\n                      [Discussion Paper No. 2]. https:\/\/openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au\/bitstream\/1885\/9856\/1\/Eves_ChristianityMasculinity2012.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211001464","author":"Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security GIWPS and Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women, Peace and Security Index 2017\/18: Tracking sustainable peace through inclusion, justice, and security for women"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22459\/EVPNG.07.2012.04"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2014).\n                      Here rape is normal: A five-point plan to curtail sexual violence in Somalia\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2014\/02\/13\/here-rape-normal\/five-point-plan-curtail-sexual-violence-somalia"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0361-3666.2004.00260.x"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/12.2.161"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211001464","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration. (2019). https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/books\/strengthening-law-enforcement-response-gender-based-violence-and-trafficking-persons-borno-and"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr24-08862605211001464","volume":"10","author":"Logie C. 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(2014).\n                      Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013\n                      . https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/fr293\/fr293.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30091-9"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7176\/JAAS\/53-07"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518792252"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr32-08862605211001464","first-page":"78","volume":"15","author":"Oladepo O.","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Omanyondo M. (2005). Sexual gender-based violence and health facility needs assessment.\n                      World Health Organization\n                      . https:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/crises\/lbr\/Liberia_RESULTS_AND_DISCUSSION13.pdf"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.07.018"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLMA-05-2017-0111"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr36-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3844\/jssp.2017.1.8","volume":"13","author":"Osadebe N. O.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.196242"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Premium Times. (2020).\n                      Rape: Police to strengthen Gender-Desk Units, Juvenile Welfare Centres across Nigeria\n                      . https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top-news\/396689-rape-police-to-strengthen-gender-desk-units-juvenile-welfare-centres-across-nigeria.html"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Read J. (2020).\n                      Sexual violence and the Boko Haram crisis in north-east Nigeria\n                      . https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/sexual-violence-and-the-boko-haram-crisis-in-north-east-nigeria\/"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605211001464","unstructured":"Sign\u00e9 L. (2018).\n                      Boko Haram\u2019s campaign against education and enlightenment\n                      . https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/africa-in-focus\/2018\/02\/26\/boko-harams-campaign-against-education-and-enlightenment\/"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-009-9288-6"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211001464","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2018).\n                      More than 1000 children in northeastern Nigeria abducted by Boko Haram since 2013\n                      . https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wca\/press-releases\/more-1000-children-northeastern-nigeria-abducted-boko-haram-2013"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211001464","unstructured":"United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. (2017).\n                      Concluding recommendations of the Committee on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, Nigeria\n                      . CEDAW\/C\/NGA\/CO\/7-8. http:\/\/tbinternet.ohchr.org\/_layouts\/treatybodyexternal\/downloadapx?Symbol no=CEDAW%2\u2009fc%2fNGA%2fco%2f7-8&lang=en\/"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211001464","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2018).\n                      Global Focus- UNHCR Operations Nationwide\n                      . https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/nigeria"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211001464","unstructured":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affiars. (2019).\n                      UNHCR West and Central Africa Update 28 October 2019\n                      . https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/unhcr-west-and-central-africa-update-28-october-2019"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211001464","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund. (2017).\n                      GBV Sub-Sector Working Group Report\n                      . https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/gbv_sub_sector_monthly_report_-_may_2017.pdf"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605211001464","author":"United Nations.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605211001464","author":"United Nations.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605211001464","unstructured":"United States Department of State and United States Agency for International Development. (2012).\n                      United States strategy to prevent and respond to gender based violence globally\n                      . https:\/\/pdf.usaid.gov\/pdf_docs\/PDACT888.pdf"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605211001464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2008.10599021"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605211001464","unstructured":"World Bank. (2019).\n                      Gender-based violence: Violence against women and girls\n                      . https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/socialdevelopment\/brief\/violence-against-women-and-girls"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605211001464","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013).\n                      Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and non-Partner Sexual Violence\n                      . https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85239\/9789241564625_eng.pdf?sequence=1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211001464","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211001464","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211001464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:36Z","timestamp":1777504536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211001464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15-16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211001464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211001464","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]}}}