{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:21:07Z","timestamp":1789852867106,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Given recent and growing societal movements focusing on sexual assault, such as the #MeToo Movement, it is imperative to understand current attitudes about sexual assault and these movements. The aim of this study was to examine negative attitudes and beliefs about sexual assault in the context of the #MeToo Movement by qualitatively analyzing social media posts (i.e., tweets) containing the hashtag \u201cmetoo\u201d on Twitter, a popular social media platform. The initial sample consisted of 4,559 tweets that were publicly posted by Twitter users across a four-day timeframe and represented events and attitudes regarding both about an accuser and an accused. Data were cleaned and coded, and a remaining 508 tweets were included because they contained content that was categorized as negative in their attitudes or beliefs (either through attitudes of condemnation or ambivalence towards accusers and\/or the #MeToo Movement). Results from a qualitative content analysis of tweets demonstrated that negative attitudes and beliefs about sexual assault within the context of the #MeToo Movement were conveyed through six main themes: (1) invalidating the accusations made as part of the #MeToo Movement; (2) insisting, and likely believing, that accusations made were false; (3) claiming that there were alternative motives for those accusations; (4) showing a concern for the harm that accusations may cause those accused; (5) exhibiting concerns about the effects of the Movement on male power, privilege, and status; and (6) questioning the integrity of the #MeToo Movement as a whole. These findings provide a deeper understanding of attitudes and beliefs about the #MeToo Movement, including novel beliefs not often addressed in the literature. Most importantly, these findings show that rape culture continues to persist despite current interventions and social movements. Results underscore the need for future interventions that aim to educate and improve societal attitudes towards sexual assault.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211001470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T03:03:29Z","timestamp":1616468609000},"page":"NP13018-NP13044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Negative Attitudes and Beliefs Toward the #MeToo Movement on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meena","family":"Nutbeam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan H.","family":"Mereish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20274"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514552448"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516665110"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00016124"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Beitsch R. (2018). #MeToo has changed our culture. Now it\u2019s changing our laws.\n                      The Pew Charitable Trusts\n                      . https:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/en\/research-and-analysis\/blogs\/stateline\/2018\/07\/31\/metoo-has-changed-our-culture-now-its-changing-our-laws"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Black M. C., Basile K. C., Breiding M. J., Smith S. G., Walters M. L., Merrick M. T., Chen J. & Stevens M. R. (2011).\n                      The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report\n                      . National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ViolencePrevention\/pdf\/NISVS_Report2010-a.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519851211"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2019.1661868"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Brown S. M. (2019). COMMENTARY: #FirstThem movement highlights white predators.\n                      The Afro-American Newspaper Company\n                      . https:\/\/www.afro.com\/commentary-firstthem-movement-highlights-white-predators\/"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605211001470","unstructured":"CBS. (2017).\n                      More than 12M \u201cMe Too\u201d Facebook posts, comments, reactions in 24\u2009hours\n                      . https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/metoo-more-than-12-million-facebook-posts-comments-reactions-24-hours\/"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Chicago Tribune. (2019).\n                      #MeToo: A timeline of events\n                      . https:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/lifestyles\/ct-me-too-timeline-20171208-htmlstory.html"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Chung C. (2018). #YouToo response to #MeToo movement signals looming battle of the sexes.\n                      The Korea Harold\n                      . http:\/\/www.koreaherald.com\/view.php?ud=20180326000741"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-007-9373-3"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211001470","author":"Duvvury N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"The World Bank"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Elks S. (2019). Timeline: Hollywood to Nollywood\u2014Key moments in #MeToo\u2019s rise as a global movement.\n                      Thomson Reuters Foundation News\n                      . http:\/\/news.trust.org\/item\/20191015164734-xiezq\/"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211001470","author":"First Them","journal-title":"FirstThem.com"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801207313971"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605211001470","unstructured":"G Suite Marketplace. (n.d.).\n                      Twitter archiver\n                      . https:\/\/gsuite.google.com\/marketplace\/app\/tweet_archiver\/976886281542"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211001470","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"Johnson N. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403416660150"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0196859919865250"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2011.04.004"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2018.1448022"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605211001470","author":"Manikonda L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Twitter for sparking a movement, reddit for sharing the moment: #metoo through the lens of social media"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605211001470","unstructured":"McLane S. (2017). #WeToo.\n                      HuffPost\n                      . https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/wetoo_b_5a0a9be4e4b060fb7e59d386"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2016.1194260"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Me too. (n.d.).\n                      Get to know us\n                      . https:\/\/metoomvmt.org\/get-to-know-us\/tarana-burke-founder\/"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13837"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Morris A. (2018). #HimToo: Left and right embrace opposing takes on same hashtag.\n                      NPR\n                      . https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/10\/11\/656293787\/-himtoo-left-and-right-embrace-opposing-takes-on-same-hashtag"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215597790"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605211001470","unstructured":"National Coalition to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation. (2012).\n                      National plan to prevent the sexual abuse and exploitation of children\n                      . http:\/\/www.preventtogether.org\/Resources\/Documents\/NationalPlan2012FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000186"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Pundir P. (2019). #MeToo has shaken up men\u2019s rights activism in India, and the result is #MenToo.\n                      Vice\n                      . https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/8xzd3g\/metoo-has-shhaken-up-mens-rights-activism-in-india-result-is-mentoo"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605211001470","unstructured":"Reuters. (2019).\n                      Actor Cuba Gooding Jr. to turn himself in after groping allegation: NBC\n                      . https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-people-cuba-gooding-jr\/actor-cuba-gooding-jr-to-turn-himself-in-after-groping-allegation-nbc-idUSKCN1TD22E"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2016.1254562"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-6402.00030"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022018317746789"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-011-0033-2"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiley C. & Fakunle D. (2016). From \u201cbrute\u201d to \u201cthug:\u201d The demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America.\n                      Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment\n                      . https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5004736\/","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2015.1129256"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2003.11.003"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1094931041291295"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211001470","unstructured":"The Associated Press. (2019).\n                      Mira Sorvino says she is a \u201csurvivor of date rape.\u201d\n                      https:\/\/apnews.com\/685a7ca24ab947a6b9679f62c4bd959e"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211001470","unstructured":"The Times of India. (2019). #MeToo movement: Police gives clean chit to Nana Patekar in sexual harassment case filed by Tanushree Dutta.\n                      MSN News\n                      . https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-in\/news\/photos\/supernumbermetoo-movement-police-gives-clean-chit-to-nana-patekar-in-sexual-harassment-case-filed-by-tanushree-dutta\/vp-AACPbbb"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211001470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2018.10.014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211001470","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211001470","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211001470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:36Z","timestamp":1777504536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211001470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15-16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211001470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211001470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}