{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:16:06Z","timestamp":1792876566306,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While considerable attention has been given to the health consequences of child marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), limited studies exist on its impact on intimate partner violence (IPV) in the region. We address this gap by examining the link between child marriage and IPV. We tested our study hypothesis using demographic and health survey data of 28,206 young women aged 20-24 years from 16 SSA countries with recent surveys (2015-2019). Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of child marriage on IPV. Child marriage prevalence ranged from 13.5% in Rwanda, in East Africa, to 77% in Chad, in Central Africa, while IPV ranged from 17.5% in Mozambique in Southern Africa to 42% in Uganda, in East Africa. Past year experience of IPV was higher among young women who married or begun cohabiting before the age of 18 (36.9%) than those who did at age 18 or more (32.5%). This result was consistent for all forms of violence: physical violence (22.7% vs 19.7%), emotional violence (25.3% vs 21.9%), and sexual violence (12% vs 10.4%). After controlling for covariates, we found that young women in SSA who married before 18 years were more likely to experience IPV than those who married as adults (AOR: 1.20; 95% CI [1.12, 1.29]). Significant heterogeneity was observed in the country-level results, with a higher likelihood of IPV found in 14 of the 16 countries and lower in Angola and Chad. Child marriage is associated with a higher likelihood of IPV in most SSA countries, suggesting that ending child marriage will result in a substantial reduction in IPV. There is a need to institute policies to support and protect women who marry as children from abusive relationships in SSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211005139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T05:10:58Z","timestamp":1617945058000},"page":"NP13560-NP13580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Association Between Girl-child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights From a Multicountry Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Bright Opoku","family":"Ahinkorah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olayinka Modupe","family":"Onayemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Aziz","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast, Ghana"},{"name":"James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwafemi Emmanuel","family":"Awopegba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Idowu","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516673630"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4872"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-08862605211005139","first-page":"17","volume":"8","author":"Astin M. C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Bettio F. & Ticci E. (2017).\n                      Violence against women and economic independence.\n                      European Union. https:\/\/dspace.ceid.org.tr\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1\/886\/DS0117089ENN.en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0219-8"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Bolis M. & Hughes C. (2015). Women\u2019s economic empowerment and domestic violence: Links and lessons for practitioners working with intersectional approaches. https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/oxfam-us\/www\/static\/media\/files\/Womens_Empowerment_and_Domestic_Violence_-_Boris__Hughes_hX7LscW.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/lky002"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Burn J. M. & Evenhuis M. (2014).\n                      \u201cJust married, just a child\u201d: Child marriage in the Indo-Pacific region.\n                      Plan International Australia."},{"key":"bibr9-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0120"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2009.026104"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211005139","first-page":"1817","volume":"92","author":"Hamilton V. E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Boston University Law Review"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00273-8"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505710"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-49"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304010-00016"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr19-08862605211005139","first-page":"662","volume":"46","author":"Kidman R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25043"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Kishor S. (2005).\n                      Domestic violence measurement in the demographic and health surveys: The history and the challenges\n                      . UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 1\u201310. https:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/egm\/vaw-stat-2005\/docs\/expert-papers\/Kishor.pdf"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12035"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0961"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-014-9341-x"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/4105815"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Memiah P., Owour K., Opanga Y., Bazira D., Kingori C., Cook C. & Lockhart B. (2019, November 2\u20136). Experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV): Association to neonatal, infant and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa [Paper presentation].  APHA\u2019s 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo."},{"key":"bibr27-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.06.013"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/d9bf1c42-en"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060510"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr30-08862605211005139","first-page":"51\u201356","volume":"2","author":"Nour N. M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Oranje, M. V. (2016).\n                      Child marriage: A form of violence too often ignored\n                      . Girls Not Bride. https:\/\/www.girlsnotbrides.org\/child-marriage-form-violence-often-ignored\/"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510372944"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15570274.2015.1075757"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2017.09.001"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511423301"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801213487747"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.01.022"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5313-0"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.896445"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3613210"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Seiler N. (2002).\n                      Is teen marriage a solution?\n                      Center for Law and Social Policy. https:\/\/www.clasp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/resources-and-publications\/archive\/0087.pdf"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunmola A. M., Mayungbo O. A., Fayehun O. A., Opayemi R. S. & Morakinyo L. A. (2018). Is women\u2019s tendency to negotiate safer sex another opportunity for intimate partner violence in Nigeria?\n                      Journal of Interpersonal Violence\n                      , 36(7\u20138), NP3624\u2013NP3645. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Remi-Opayemi\/publication\/325824035_Is_Women%27s_Tendency_to_Negotiate_Safer_Sex_Another_Opportunity_for_Intimate_Partner_Violence_in_Nigeria\/links\/5e7182ad4585152cdbfa7e5e\/Is-Womens-Tendency-to-Negotiate-Safer-Sex-Another-Opportunity-for-Intimate-Partner-Violence-in-Nigeria.pdf","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518779071"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9960-4"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.development.1110246"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01028-z"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605211005139","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics","year":"2017","journal-title":"Uganda demographic and health survey 2016: Key indicators report"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0315-7"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605211005139","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2005).\n                      Early marriage a harmful traditional practice a statistical exploration 2005\n                      . https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/gender\/files\/Early_Marriage_Harmful_Traditional_Practice.pdf"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605211005139","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2017).\n                      Ending child marriage: Progress and prospects\n                      . https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/files\/Child_Marriage_Report_7_17_LR.pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605211005139","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2018).\n                      Child marriage around the world\n                      . https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/stories\/child-marriage-around-world"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605211005139","unstructured":"Vogelstein R. B. (2013).\n                      Ending child marriage: How elevating the status of girls advances US foreign policy objectives\n                      . Council on Foreign Relations. https:\/\/cdn.cfr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/report_pdf\/Ending_Child_Marriage_report%20%2813%29.pdf"},{"key":"bibr54-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00846-7"},{"key":"bibr55-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0520-8"},{"key":"bibr56-08862605211005139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.09.009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211005139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211005139","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211005139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:40Z","timestamp":1777504540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211005139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15-16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211005139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211005139","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]}}}