{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:33:29Z","timestamp":1777854809057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been identified as a global health problem with increasing mental health consequences. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Nigeria, couples were compelled to spend more time together, regardless of their pre-existing challenges. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of IPV, its forms, and mental health implications among Nigerian households amid the COVID-19 lockdown. A cross-sectional study was implemented which used the snowball sampling technique to recruit 474 participants across 31 states in Nigeria. A semi-structured online questionnaire was distributed using the WhatsApp platform. The relationship between IPV, its forms, and associated factors were analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression with significant value at p \u2264 .05 and confidence interval of 95%. Majority (98.1%) of the participants had at least a college degree and 90.1% were employed. Overall prevalence of IPV ranged from 7.2% to 13.5%. Using the lockdown as the landmark, higher prevalence was found before than during the lockdown across physical, emotional, financial, and sexual forms of IPV. Emotional form had the highest prevalence both before and during the lockdown with 11.4% and 3.8% respectively. Furthermore, 22.6% of participants reported that the lockdown affected their mental health. Hopelessness, feelings of failure, being irritable, and constantly under strain were psychological symptoms significantly associated with IPV amid the lockdown. Decreased prevalence of IPV were found in the early phase of the pandemic, suggesting that couples can experience less partner violence during periods of confinement. Our study supports existing evidence that forms of IPV have negative mental health consequences on abused partners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211015213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T07:18:33Z","timestamp":1621063113000},"page":"NP15434-NP15454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intimate Partner Violence and its Mental Health Implications Amid COVID-19 Lockdown: Findings Among Nigerian Couples"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-2400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret Isioma","family":"Ojeahere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Noetic Minders Health Services, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahmicit Kankemwa","family":"Kumswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Adiukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet Punyit","family":"Plang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yetunde Folake","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"},{"name":"University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramsky T., Lees S., St\u00f6ckl H., Harvey S., Kapinga I., Ranganathan M., Mshana G. & Kapiga S. (2019). Women's income and risk of intimate partner violence: Secondary findings from the MAISHA cluster randomized trial in North-Western Tanzania.\n                      BMC Public Health\n                      , 19(1), 1108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7454-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7454-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr2-08862605211015213","first-page":"51","volume":"43","author":"Adejimi A. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Ajimotokan O., Nwezeh K., Ezigbo O. & Ifijeh M. (2020, June 12). Nigeria: COVID-19\u2014another total lockdown unlikely\u2014Govt.\n                      allAfrica\n                      . Retrieved August 25, 2020 fromhttps:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202006120573.html"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Allen-Ebrahimian B. (2020, March 7). China\u2019s domestic violence epidemic.\n                      Axios\n                      2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020 from https:\/\/www.axios.com\/china-domestic-violence-coronavirus-quarantine-7b00c3ba-35bc-4d16-afdd-b76ecfb28882.html"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayodapo O., Sekoni O. & Asuzu M. C. (2017). Pattern of intimate partner violence disclosure among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in Oyo East Local Government, Nigeria.\n                      South African Academy of Family Practice\/Primary Care\n                      , 59(2), 1\u22125. https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/safp\/article\/view\/155878\/145505","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v59i2.4523"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Basile K. C., Hertz M. F. & Back S. E. (2007).\n                      Intimate partner violence and sexual victimization assessment instrument for use in healthcare settings. Version 1\n                      . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/ipv\/ipvandsvscreening.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benebo F. O., Schumann B. & Vaezghasemi M. (2018). Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: A multilevel study investigating the effect of women\u2019s status and community norms.\n                      BMC Women\u2019s Health\n                      , 18(1), 136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-018-0628-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0628-7"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bikinesi L. T., Mash R. & Joyner K. (2017). Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors amongst women attending antenatal care at Outapi clinic, Namibia: A descriptive survey.\n                      African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine\n                      , 9(1), e1\u2013e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v9i1.1512","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v9i1.1512"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boserup B., McKenney M. & Elkbuli A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.\n                      The American Journal of Emergency Medicine\n                      , 38(12), 2753\u20132755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.077"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradbury-Jones C. & Isham L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence.\n                      Journal of Clinical Nursing\n                      , 29(13\u221214), 2047\u20132049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15296","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown S. L. & Bulanda J. R. (2008). Relationship violence in early adulthood: A comparison of daters, cohabitors, and marrieds.\n                      Social Science Research\n                      , 37, 73\u221287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2007.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2007.06.002"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Chandra J. (2020, April 10). NCW launches domestic violence helpline.\n                      The Hindu\n                      . Retrieved August 8, 2020 from https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/ncw-launches-domestic-violence-helpline\/article31312219"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (n.d.).\n                      Intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking among men\n                      . https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/datasources\/nisvs\/men-ipvsvandstalking.html"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Countryeconomy.com. (2018).\n                      Nigeria - literacy rate\n                      . https:\/\/countryeconomy.com\/demography\/literacy-rate\/nigeria"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawole A. O., Hunyinbo K. I. & Fawole O. I. (2008). Prevalence of violence against pregnant women in Abeokuta, Nigeria.\n                      The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology\n                      , 48(4), 405\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2008.00868.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2008.00868.x"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211015213","author":"Fisher A. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Handbook for family planning operations research design"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulu E., Jewkes R., Roselli T., Garcia-Moreno C. & UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men Violence Research Team (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: Findings from the UN Multi-country cross-sectional study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific.\n                      The Lancet\n                      , 1(4), e187\u2013e207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70074-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70074-3"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211015213","author":"Goldberg D.","year":"1992","journal-title":"General health questionnaire (GHQ-12)"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia E. (2004). Unreported cases of domestic violence against women: Towards an epidemiology of social silence, tolerance, and inhibition.\n                      Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health\n                      , 58(7), 536\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2003.019604","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.019604"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Grierson J. (2020, April 15). Domestic abuse killings \u2018more than double\u2019 amid covid-19 lockdown.\n                      Guardian\n                      . Retrieved August 22, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2020\/apr\/15\/domestic-abuse-killings-more-than-double-amid-covid-19-lockdown"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Gupta J. (2020).\n                      What does coronavirus mean for violence against women?\n                      https:\/\/womensmediacenter.com\/news-features\/what-does-coronavirus-mean-for-violence-against-women"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagan E., Raghavan C. & Doychak K. (2019). Functional Isolation: Understanding isolation in trafficking survivors.\n                      Sexual abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment\n                      . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063219889059","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219889059"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211015213","first-page":"87","author":"Heise L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"World report on violence and health"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Iheonu C. & Urama N. (2019, July 1). Addressing poverty challenges in Nigeria.\n                      African Portal\n                      . Retrieved September 27, 2020 from https:\/\/www.africaportal.org\/publications\/addressing-poverty-challenges-nigeria"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr25-08862605211015213","first-page":"421","volume":"91","author":"Jewkes R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalifeh H., Oram S., Trevillion K., Johnson S. & Howard L. M. (2015). Recent intimate partner violence among people with chronic mental illness: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey.\n                      British Journal of Psychiatry\n                      , 207, 207\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144899","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144899"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605211015213","author":"Kritz M. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethnicity, work, and family as determinants of women's decision-making autonomy in Nigeria"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Lattouf A. (2020, March 27). Domestic violence spike during corona virus as families trapped at home.\n                      Women\u2019s Safety NSW\n                      . Retrieved September 21, 2020 from https:\/\/www.womenssafetynsw.org.au\/impact\/article\/domestic-violence-spikes-during-coronavirus-as-families-trapped-at-home\/"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludermir A. B., Schraiber L. B., D'Oliveira A. F., Fran\u00e7a-Junior I. & Jansen H. A. (2008). Violence against women by their intimate partner and common mental disorders.\n                      Social Science & Medicine (1982)\n                      , 66(4), 1008\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.10.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.10.021"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahase E. (2020). Covid-19: EU states report 60% rise in emergency calls about domestic violence.\n                      BMJ (Clinical Research ed.)\n                      , 369, m1872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1872","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1872"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makayoto L. A., Omolo J., Kamweya A. M., Harder V. S. & Mutai J. (2013). Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya.\n                      Maternal and Child Health Journal\n                      , 17(3), 441\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-012-1015-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1015-x"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning W. D., Longmore M. A. & Giordano P. C. (2018). Cohabitation and intimate partner violence during emerging adulthood: High constraints and low commitment.\n                      Journal of Family Issues\n                      , 39(4), 1030\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513X16686132","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X16686132"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a M. & Ludermir A. B. (2017). Intimate partner violence and incidence of common mental disorder.\n                      Revista de saude publica\n                      , 51, 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1518-8787.2017051006912","DOI":"10.1590\/s1518-8787.2017051006912"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira D. N. & Pinto da Costa M. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence.\n                      International Journal of Law and Psychiatry\n                      , 71, 101606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2020.101606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2020.101606"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCloskey L. A., Williams C. M., Lichter E., Gerber M., Ganz M. L. & Sege R. (2007). Abused women disclose partner interference with health care: An unrecognized form of battering.\n                      Journal of General Internal Medicine\n                      , 22(8), 1067\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-007-0199-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0199-z"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunjuyigbe P. O., Akinlo A. & Ebigbola J. A. (2005). Violence against women: An examination of men\u2019s attitudes and perceptions about wife beating and contraceptive use.\n                      Journal of Asian and African Studies\n                      , 40, 219\u2212229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021909605055070","DOI":"10.1177\/0021909605055070"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Ojeahere M., Piwuna G., Babalola A. & Agbir T. (2019). Intimate partner violence among older Nigerian adults.\n                      Journal of Research in Basic and Clinical Sciences\n                      , 1(4), 207\u2212213. https:\/\/jrbcs.org\/index.php\/jrbcs\/article\/view\/55"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okemgbo C., Omideyi A. & Odimegwu C. (2002). Prevalence, patterns and correlates of domestic violence in selected Igbo communities of Imo state, Nigeria.\n                      African Journal of Reproductive Health\/La Revue Africaine De La Sant\u00e9 Reproductive\n                      , 6(2), 101\u2212114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3583136","DOI":"10.2307\/3583136"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3583461"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr40-08862605211015213","first-page":"28","volume":"28","author":"Parkinson D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra P., Prakash J., Patra B. & Khanna P. (2018). Intimate partner violence: Wounds are deeper.\n                      Indian Journal of Psychiatry\n                      , 60(4), 494\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Peterman A., Potts A., O'Donnell M., Thompson K., Shah N., Oertelt-Prigione S. & van Gelder N. (2020).\n                      Pandemics and violence against women and children\n                      (Working Paper No. 528). Center for Global Development. https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pandemics-and-vawg-april2.pdf"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postmus J. L., Hoge G. L., Breckenridge J., Sharp-Jeffs N. & Chung D. (2020). Economic abuse as an invisible form of domestic violence: A multicounty review.\n                      Trauma, Violence & Abuse\n                      , 21(2), 261\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838018764160","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018764160"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhu M., McHome B., Ostermann J., Itemba D., Njau B., Thielman N. & Group KIWAKKUKI-Duke VCT Study (2011). Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among women attending HIV voluntary counseling and testing in northern Tanzania, 2005-2008.\n                      International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics\n                      , 113(1), 63\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.10.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.10.019"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211015213","unstructured":"Premium Times\n                      . (2019, May 2).\n                      Nigeria\u2019s unemployment rate hits 33.5 percent by 2020-Minister\n                      . Retrieved, September 14, 2020, fromhttps:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top-news\/328137-nigerias-unemployment-rate-hits-33-5-per-cent-by-2020-minister.html"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose D., Trevillion K., Woodall A., Morgan C., Feder G. & Howard L. (2011). Barriers and facilitators of disclosures of domestic violence by mental health service users: Qualitative study.\n                      British Journal of Psychiatry\n                      , 198, 189\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.072389.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.072389"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-P\u00e9rez I. & Plazaola-Casta\u00f1o J. (2005). Intimate partner violence and mental health consequences in women attending family practice in Spain.\n                      Psychosomatic Medicine\n                      , 67(5), 791\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.psy.0000181269.11979.cd","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000181269.11979.cd"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509340550"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605211015213","unstructured":"The DHS Program [DHS]. (2019).\n                      Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018\n                      . https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-FR359-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605211015213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gelder N., Peterman A., Potts A., O'Donnell M., Thompson K., Shah N., Oertelt-Prigione S. & Gender COVID-19: COVID-19 Working Group. (2020). Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence.\n                      EClinical Medicine\n                      , 21, 100348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100348"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605211015213","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2012).\n                      Understanding and addressing violence against women\n                      . World Health Organization. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77432\/1\/WHO_RHR-12.36_eng.pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605211015213","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013).\n                      Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence\n                      . http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/9789241564625\/en"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605211015213","unstructured":"World Population Review. (n.d.).\n                      Nigerian population, 2020 (demographics, maps and graphs)\n                      . https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/nigeria-population"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211015213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211015213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211015213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:48Z","timestamp":1777504548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211015213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17-18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211015213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211015213","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]}}}