{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:33:24Z","timestamp":1777854804382,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children and adolescents with maltreatment experiences show worse representations of themselves, as compared to their nonmaltreated counterparts. According to the looking-glass self hypothesis (LGSH), individuals\u2019 self-representations (SR) stem from interactions with significant others, reflecting associations between what significant others think of them (i.e., actual appraisals), individuals\u2019 perceptions of significant others\u2019 appraisals of them (i.e., reflected appraisals), and SR. However, little is known about the looking-glass self process in maltreated children and adolescents. This multi-informant study aimed to test the LGSH within the mother\u2013child relationship with children and adolescents with maltreatment experiences. Specifically, including maltreatment experiences as co-predictors, this study analyzed the mediating role of mothers\u2019 reflected appraisals (MRA) in associations between mothers\u2019 actual appraisals (MAA) and children\/adolescents\u2019 SR. Participants were 203 children\/adolescents (52.5% boys), 8\u201316 years old ( M = 12.6; SD = 2.49), assisted by children and youth protection committees (CYPC), their mother, and their CYPC case workers. Case workers reported on child\/adolescent maltreatment, children\/adolescents reported on SR and MRA, and mothers reported on MAA. A multiple mediation path analysis revealed significant mediation effects of MRA between MAA and child\/adolescent SR in instrumental, social, emotional, intelligence, and opposition SR, thus supporting the LGSH in the context of child\/adolescent maltreatment. Also, psychological neglect was associated to worse intelligence SR, mediated by intelligence reflected appraisals. Findings emphasize the importance of the role of MRA on maltreated children and adolescents\u2019 SR construction process, and provide useful clues to incorporate in prevention and intervention strategies targeting maltreated children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211016352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T23:25:21Z","timestamp":1623367521000},"page":"NP15670-NP15699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201c(I Think) My Mother Thinks I Am, Therefore I Am.\u201d The Looking-glass Self in Maltreated Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2506-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Sofia","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Calheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211016352","author":"Arbuckle J. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IBM SPSS Amos 25 user's guide"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000268"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.04.009"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940000585X"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860600636647"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.06.004"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200500313552"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00312"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.t01-1-00001"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119890030"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21935"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612461653"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211016352","first-page":"285","author":"Carmichael C. L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The self: Frontiers in social psychology"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3504_10"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033259"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14805-012"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479193.adlpsy002002"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.12.3.299"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605211016352","author":"Cooley C. H.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Human Nature and social order"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2011.00635.x"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v02n01_09"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605211016352","author":"Harter S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605211016352","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.01.003"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/223404"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605211016352","author":"Kline R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modelling"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605211016352","first-page":"3","author":"Laursen B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.2.63"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605211016352","author":"Martins A. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auto-representa\u00e7\u00e3o na Adolesc\u00eancia: Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e Processo de Constru\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310371101"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605211016352","author":"McLean K. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The co-authored self: Family stories and the construction of personal identity"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605211016352","author":"Mead G. H.","year":"1934","journal-title":"Mind, self and society"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00506-9"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211016352","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03173015"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250143000535"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605211016352","first-page":"69","author":"Oyserman D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handbook of self and identity"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2018.07.001"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01314.x"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.07.012"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.7.735"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01327.x"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000714"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.549"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605211016352","author":"Siegler R. S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Children\u2019s thinking"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X17741176"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.07.007"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0438-1"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2020.1792338"},{"key":"bibr54-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41231-9_3"},{"key":"bibr55-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940210439432"},{"key":"bibr56-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000014"},{"key":"bibr57-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586376"},{"key":"bibr58-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.11.005"},{"key":"bibr59-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20047"},{"key":"bibr60-08862605211016352","unstructured":"Vartanian L. R. (2000). Revisiting the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs of adolescent egocentrism: A conceptual review.\n                      Adolescence\n                      , 35(140), 639-662. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2001-14434-003"},{"key":"bibr61-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017908"},{"key":"bibr62-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00280.x"},{"key":"bibr63-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402478"},{"key":"bibr64-08862605211016352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036014"},{"key":"bibr65-08862605211016352","first-page":"124","author":"Wallace H. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handbook of self and identity"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211016352","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211016352","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211016352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:53Z","timestamp":1777504553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211016352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17-18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211016352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211016352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]}}}