{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:13:35Z","timestamp":1784520815991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with serious psychological outcomes including increased odds of developing callous-unemotional (CU) traits and behaviors. Recent studies suggest that concomitant exposure to animal cruelty (AC) may increase this risk. However, even under these circumstances, bonds with companion animals may still be a protective factor that buffers the deleterious impact of IPV on child adjustment. This cross-sectional study evaluates whether, and to what extent, the association between exposure to IPV and children\u2019s CU and empathic-prosocial (EP) traits vary as a function of children\u2019s positive engagement with pets and exposure to AC. Participants included 204 children (aged 7\u201312 years; 57% Latinx) and their maternal caregiver who were recruited from domestic violence agencies in a western US state. We conducted multiple moderation analyses to evaluate each outcome individually (i.e., CU traits, EP traits), adjusting for the effects of child age, gender, and Hispanic ethnicity. Positive engagement with pets significantly moderated the relationship between IPV and CU traits, \u2207R = 0.03, F (1, 195) = 7.43, \u03b2 = \u20130.17, t(195) = \u20132.73, p = .007. Specifically, when high levels of positive engagement with pets is present, IPV is negatively associated with CU traits, whereas the reverse was true at low levels of positive engagement with pets. Evidence of moderation by AC was not supported. Our findings suggest that children who form close relationships with their pets in the context of IPV appear to derive important support from these animals; safeguarding the well-being of these animals may be critical to their long-term emotional health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211028301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:01:47Z","timestamp":1626652907000},"page":"NP17205-NP17226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Positive Engagement with Pets Buffers the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-1737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Van","family":"Voorhees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, North Carolina, United States"},{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camie A.","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Matijczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Applebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R.","family":"Ascione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Herbert","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelby E.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.597081"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605211028301","unstructured":"Animal Welfare Institute. (2014).\n                      Why pets mean so much: The human\u2013animal bond in the context of intimate partner violence: Technical assistance guidance\n                      . National Resource Center on Domestic Violence. https:\/\/vawnet.org\/sites\/default\/files\/materials\/files\/2016-09\/NRCDV_TAG-AnimalAbuse-IPV-Sept2014.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03623319.2020.1728507"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605211028301","unstructured":"Asante-Muhammed D., Collins C., Hoxie J. & Nieves E. (2016). The ever-growing gap: Without change, African American and Latinx families won\u2019t match White wealth for centuries.\n                      CFED and Institute for Policy Studies\n                      . https:\/\/ips-dc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/The-Ever-Growing-Gap-CFED_IPS-Final-1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605211028301","author":"Ascione F. 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Profiles of adjustment in children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence: A scoping review investigating resilience processes.\n                      Journal of Positive School Psychology\n                      , 4(1-Sup1), 117\u2013136. http:\/\/journalppw.com\/index.php\/JPPW\/article\/view\/175"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.07.003"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2017.01.003"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charuvastra A. & Cloitre M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder.\n                      Annual Review of Psychology\n                      , 59, 301\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annu-rev.psych.58.110405.085650","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2009.07.004"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.022"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22313"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2020.1771059"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.11.006"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0676"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-017-9912-9"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692383"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605211028301","author":"Frick P. 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IBM Corp. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/analytics\/spss-statistics-software"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21700"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940800028X"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.002"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.27.2.280"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480410006241"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.20.1.137"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-017-0176-6"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.005"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516689775"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9846-7"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.004"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-016-0079-y"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22497"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.06.010"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2752\/089279315X14129350722172"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01121"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1206331220956539"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605211028301","unstructured":"Rowan A. 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Companion animal statistics in the USA.\n                      Demography and Statistics for Companion Animal Populations Collection\n                      , 7. https:\/\/www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org\/demscapop\/7"},{"key":"bibr54-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179494"},{"key":"bibr55-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21962"},{"key":"bibr56-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507303734"},{"key":"bibr57-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109917747613"},{"key":"bibr58-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853003321618800"},{"key":"bibr59-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0878-6"},{"key":"bibr60-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.1.2.89"},{"key":"bibr61-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114556101"},{"key":"bibr62-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114534886"},{"key":"bibr63-08862605211028301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20469"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211028301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211028301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211028301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:04Z","timestamp":1777504564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211028301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19-20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211028301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211028301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]}}}