{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:42:32Z","timestamp":1790703752877,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Much has been documented that the experience of a bombing is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Whether the co-existing relationship between death anxiety, meaning in life and coping styles would influence the aforementioned association is unknown. The present study aimed to identify latent classes of victims with different levels of death anxiety, meaning in life and coping styles, and to examine whether the severity of PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms differed between classes. One hundred and eighty-five victims who had experienced the first car bombing completed a demographic page, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnosis Scale, General Health Questionnaire-28, Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire and Coping Responses Inventory. The results showed that 82% and 18% of the victims met the criteria for PTSD and no-PTSD, respectively. Four classes of victims were identified: Class 1 victims were approach copers with low levels of death anxiety and meaning. Class 2 victims were minimal copers with high levels of death anxiety and meaning. Class 3 victims were approach copers with a high level of death anxiety and meaning. Class 4 victims were avoidance copers with high levels of death anxiety. Individuals in Class 1 reported significantly lower levels of PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity than the other three classes. Class 3 victims also reported significantly lower levels of psychiatric co-morbidity than Class 2 victims. To conclude, victims exposed to a car bombing were likely to exhibit posttraumatic stress symptoms in addition to other psychological symptoms. The severity of these symptoms tended to be lower among those who had little fear of death, did not search for meaning in life and approached their distress proactively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211055152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T05:22:49Z","timestamp":1638422569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Impact of Death Anxiety, Meaning and Coping on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Co-Morbidity Among Iraqi Civilians Exposed to a Car Bomb Attack A Latent Class Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Cheung","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zayed University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuaad Mohammed","family":"Freh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Anbar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9400-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Religious coping strategies among traumatized African refugees in the United States: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Adedoyin A. C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adedoyin A. C., Bobbie C., Griffin M., Adedoyin O. O., Ahmad M., Nobles C., Neeland K. (2016). Religious coping strategies among traumatized African refugees in the United States: A systematic review. Social Work & Christianity, 43(1), 95\u2013107.","journal-title":"Social Work & Christianity"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332985.2020.1795045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770802403236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2019.1637833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic","author":"Barlow D. H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barlow D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guildford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180801974752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/073993302753429013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth","author":"Brewin C. R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brewin C. R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth? Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00033-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-015-9302-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000155675.56550.5f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466599162836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00185-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts5.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.919819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-010-9119-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-00947-2","article-title":"Investigation of personal factors affecting existential anxiety: A model testing study","volume":"39","author":"Evram G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evram G., \u00c7akici E\u015f A. (2020). Investigation of personal factors affecting existential anxiety: A model testing study. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 39(5), 1535\u20131542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-020-00947-2","journal-title":"Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"Foa E. B. (1995). The posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale. National Computer Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","volume-title":"The will to meaning: Foundations and applications of logo therapy: expanded edition, with a new afterword by the author","author":"Frankl V. E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Frankl V. E. (1988). The will to meaning: Foundations and applications of logo therapy: expanded edition, with a new afterword by the author. Meridian."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.1952954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/0DQB-7Q1E-2BER-H6YC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700021644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856215609769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0308-5_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1695522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.47.5.996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-016-9483-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma","author":"Janoff-Bulman R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Janoff-Bulman R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Mass trauma: Impact and recovery issues","author":"Jayawickreme N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayawickreme N., Jayawickreme E., Foa E. B. (2013). Using the individualism-collectivism construct to understand cultural differences in PTSD. In Gow K. M., Celinski M. J. (Eds.), Mass trauma: Impact and recovery issues (pp. 55\u201376). Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"What doesn\u2019t kill us: The new psychology of posttraumatic growth. What doesn\u2019t kill us: The new psychology of posttraumatic growth","author":"Joseph S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joseph S. (2011). What doesn\u2019t kill us: The new psychology of posttraumatic growth. What doesn\u2019t kill us: The new psychology of posttraumatic growth. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","volume-title":"The psychology of death","author":"Kastenbaum R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kastenbaum R. (2006). The psychology of death (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Handbook of PTSD","author":"Keane T. M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keane T. M., Brief D. J., Pratt E. M., Miller M. W. (2007). Assessment of PTSD and its comorbidities in adults. In Friedman M. J., Keane T. M., Resick P. A. (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD (pp. 279\u2013305). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2011.30.8.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.3.520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315600233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12229"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-016-9791-4","article-title":"Meaning in life promotes proactive coping via positive affect: A daily diary study","volume":"18","author":"Miao M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miao M., Zheng L., Gan Y. (2017). Meaning in life promotes proactive coping via positive affect: A daily diary study. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 18(6), 1683\u20131696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-016-9791-4","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Coping: Concepts and psychometric instruments","volume":"34","author":"Moos R. H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moos R. H. (1988). Coping: Concepts and psychometric instruments. [German]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse, 34(3), 207\u2013225.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.240.20169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.8.755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01097.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00511.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6527-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9279-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10182-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.517524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930902847144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729103771928717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2361-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J077v20n01_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200111153452024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207303018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/10.4.431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-017-0160-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.3.709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Mental health and disasters","author":"Ursano R. J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ursano R. J., Fullerton C. S., Benedek D. M. (2012). What is psychopathology after disasters? Considerations about the nature of the psychological and behavioral consequences of disasters. In Neria Y., Galea S., Norris F. H. (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 131\u2013142). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice","author":"Vogt D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vogt D., King D., King L. (2007). Risk pathways in PTSD: Making sense of the literature. In Friedman M., Kean T., Resick P. (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice (pp. 99\u2013116). Guildford."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41397-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","first-page":"306","volume-title":"Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death","author":"Yalom I. D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yalom I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. (Vol. viii, pp. 306). Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology","author":"Young M. J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Young M. J., Morris M. W. (2004). Existential meanings and cultural models: The interplay of personal and supernatural agency in American and Hindu ways of responding to uncertainty. In Greenberg J., Koole S. L., Pyszczynski T. (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (pp. 215\u2013230). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0535-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211055152","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211055152","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211055152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:28Z","timestamp":1777504588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211055152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21-22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211055152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211055152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]}}}