{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:17:36Z","timestamp":1792513056213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research on the practices of justice operators with women victims of intimate partner violence has evidenced the existence of gender stereotypes and gender-blind practices in the Spanish legal system (Albert\u00edn et al., 2020; Garc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez et al., 2019, 2020), as well as the graves consequences that such practices imply for these women. In this context, the present study explored the existence of a battered woman stereotype and its variation when the victim defends herself from the abuser. An opportunity sample of 505 undergraduates of Law, Psychology and other studies from two Spanish universities assessed some personality characteristics of a woman after watching a 1-minute-long silent video. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three observation conditions (\u201ccontrol\u201d, \u201cvictim\u201d or \u201cself-defense victim\u201d), which differed in the previous information given about the target woman. The Principal Components Analysis reduced the information from the questionnaire to three dimensions: \u201cbrittleness\u201d (\u03b1 = .91), \u201cpositive\u201d (\u03b1 = .786), and \u201chostile\u201d (\u03b1 = .809). The MANOVA confirmed the battered woman stereotype and its modification when the victim reacts against the abuser in self-defense: in this case the attribution of brittleness decreases and the attribution of hostility increases. The type of academic training showed significant effects on the stereotype, this being more negative among Law students than among Psychology ones. Law students perceive the target woman in the \u201cvictim\u201d condition more hostile and manipulator. As for the \u201cself-defense\u201d condition, Law students attribute less brittleness to the victim, and perceive her more manipulator and dangerous. The effect of the observer's gender on the stereotype is consistent with the previous literature. Implications for professional training and judicial practices are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211055154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T08:41:59Z","timestamp":1638348119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stereotypes About Battered Women and Victim\u2019s Self-Defense: Legal Implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Delgado-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical University of Salamanca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6242-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Sanchez-Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical University of Salamanca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0204_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/097206340901100114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085118789774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G. W.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Allport G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.4.652"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"When battered woman\u2019s syndrome does not go far enough: The battered woman as vigilante","volume":"4","author":"Ayyildiz E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ayyildiz E. (1995). When battered woman\u2019s syndrome does not go far enough: The battered woman as vigilante. American University Journal of Gender and the Law, 4(1), 141-166.","journal-title":"American University Journal of Gender and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6018\/iqual.442801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aesp.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Battered women who kill: Stereotype influence through the media","author":"Bauman S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bauman S. (2018). Battered women who kill: Stereotype influence through the media. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of North Dakota Institutional Repository, University of North Dakota]. https:\/\/commons.und.edu\/theses\/2165."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The passions of battered women: Cognitive links between passion, empathy, and power","volume":"8","author":"Becker M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Becker M. (2001). The passions of battered women: Cognitive links between passion, empathy, and power. William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 8(1), 1-73.","journal-title":"William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.4.354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality","author":"Bem S. L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bem S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12840\/issn.2255-4165.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.93.1.167"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Derecho y justicia no androc\u00e9ntricos [Law and non androcentric justice]","volume":"12","author":"Bodel\u00f3n E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bodel\u00f3n E. (2010). Derecho y justicia no androc\u00e9ntricos [Law and non androcentric justice]. Quaderns de Psicolog\u00eda, 12(2), 183-193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5565\/rev\/qpsicologia.815.","journal-title":"Quaderns de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Violencia institucional y violencia de g\u00e9nero [Institutional Violence and Gender Violence]","volume":"48","author":"Bodel\u00f3n E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodel\u00f3n E. (2014). Violencia institucional y violencia de g\u00e9nero [Institutional Violence and Gender Violence]. ACFS Revista de Filosof\u00eda Jur\u00eddica y Pol\u00edtica, 48, 131-155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30827\/acfs.v48i0.2783.","journal-title":"ACFS Revista de Filosof\u00eda Jur\u00eddica y Pol\u00edtica"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.5.871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"When battered women kill","author":"Browne A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Browne A. (1987). When battered women kill. Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.22.6.650.54818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Handbook of multicultural mental health","author":"Canales G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Canales G. (2013). Gender as subculture: The first division of multicultural diversity. In Cu\u00e9llar I., Paniagua F. A. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health (2nd ed., pp. 63-77). Academic Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9488-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512459383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-08305-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812205923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.5.1076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"The meaning of equality for battered woman who kill men in self selfdefense","volume":"8","author":"Crocker P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Crocker P. (1985). The meaning of equality for battered woman who kill men in self selfdefense. Harvard Women's Law Journal, 8, 121-154.","journal-title":"Harvard Women's Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"Eliminating judicial stereotyping. Equal access to justice for women in gender-based violence cases","author":"Cusack S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cusack S. (2014). Eliminating judicial stereotyping. Equal access to justice for women in gender-based violence cases. United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/Issues\/Women\/WRGS\/StudyGenderStereotyping.doc."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Estereotipos aplicados a la mujer maltratada [Stereotypes applied to battered women]","volume":"13","author":"De la Iglesia A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"De la Iglesia A. (2013). Estereotipos aplicados a la mujer maltratada [Stereotypes applied to battered women]. Prolepsis, 13(1), 19-27.","journal-title":"Prolepsis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Macroencuesta de Violencia contra la Mujer [Violence against women macro-survey]","author":"Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno contra la Violencia de G\u00e9nero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno contra la Violencia de G\u00e9nero (2019). Macroencuesta de Violencia contra la Mujer [Violence against women macro-survey]. Ministerio de Igualdad: Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10691-020-09431-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","volume-title":"Violence against wives: A case against patriarchy","author":"Dobash R. E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dobash R. E., Dobash R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against patriarchy. Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470561119.socpsy002029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The social psychology of stigma","author":"Dovidio J. F.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dovidio J. F., Major B., Crocker J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In Heatherton T. F., Kleck R. E., Hebl M. R., Hull J. G. (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1\u201328). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Controversies in victimology","author":"Eisenberger H. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eisenberger H. M. (2003). Victim blaming. In Moriarty L. (Ed.), Controversies in victimology (pp. 15\u201325). Anderson."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.4.384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Backlash: The undeclared war against women","author":"Faludi S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Faludi S. (1991). Backlash: The undeclared war against women. Crown."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The handbook of social psychology","author":"Fiske S. T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fiske S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In Gilbert D. T., Fiske S. T., Lindzey G. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 357-411). McGraw\u2013Hill.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446286395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00178-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9725-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez M. Murvartian L. Cala Carrillo M. J. (2019 November 13-16). Consequences of the unbalance between the justice system and women\u2019s recovery processes from abusive relationships. [Conference presentation]. XII International Congress and XVII National of Clinical Psychology Santander Spain. https:\/\/www.aepc.es\/PsClinicaXII\/LibroResumenes_en.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez M. Trigo M. E. (2019 July 17-20). A statistical model to predict withdrawals of prosecution by victims of gender violence. [Conference presentation]. Annual Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law. Santiago de Compostela Spain. https:\/\/eaplstudent.com\/santiago-de-compostela-2019\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520984424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107780102762478019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.2.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-6402.t01-1-00068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Handbook of victims and victimology","author":"Green S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Green S. (2007). Crime, victimisation and vulnerability. In Walklate S. (Ed.), Handbook of victims and victimology (pp. 91-117). Willan Publishing."},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The (Not So) changing man: Dynamic gender stereotypes in Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Gustafsson M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gustafsson M., Klysing A., Lindqvist A., Renstr\u00f6m E. A. (2019). The (Not So) changing man: Dynamic gender stereotypes in Sweden. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(37), 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00037.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684316634081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica multivariante [multivariate statistics]","author":"Hair J. H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hair J. H., Anderson R. E., Tatham R. L., Black W. C. (2001). Estad\u00edstica multivariante [multivariate statistics]. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The feminist standpoint theory reader. Intellectual and political controversies","author":"Harding S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harding S. (2004). Introduction: Standpoint theory as a site of political, philosophic, and scientific debate. In Harding S. (Ed.), The feminist standpoint theory reader. Intellectual and political controversies (pp. 1-15). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(97)00026-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cr\u00edticas al derecho y el sujeto \u201cmujeres\u201d y propuestas desde la jurisprudencia feminista [Criticism to the Law and the Subject \u201cWomen\u201d and Proposals from the Feminist Jurisprudence]","volume":"30","author":"Igareda N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Igareda N., Cruells N. (2014). Cr\u00edticas al derecho y el sujeto \u201cmujeres\u201d y propuestas desde la jurisprudencia feminista [Criticism to the Law and the Subject \u201cWomen\u201d and Proposals from the Feminist Jurisprudence]. Cuadernos Electr\u00f3nicos de Filosof\u00eda del Derecho, 30, 1-16. https:\/\/ojs.uv.es\/index.php\/CEFD\/article\/view\/4107\/4224.","journal-title":"Cuadernos Electr\u00f3nicos de Filosof\u00eda del Derecho"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","volume-title":"Access to justice for women victims of sexual violence: Education and Health (OEA\/Ser.L\/V\/II. Doc. 65)","author":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights","year":"2011","unstructured":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2011). Access to justice for women victims of sexual violence: Education and Health (OEA\/Ser.L\/V\/II. Doc. 65). Organization of American States. https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/51ff7a974.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","volume-title":"Wild justice: The evolution of revenge","author":"Jacoby S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jacoby S. (1983). Wild justice: The evolution of revenge. Harper & Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00201748908602185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2370080208"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The self-defensive cognition of self-defense","volume":"45","author":"Kahan D. M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kahan D. M., Braman D. (2008). The self-defensive cognition of self-defense. American Criminal Law Review, 45(1), 1\u201365.","journal-title":"American Criminal Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The tragedy of victimization rhetoric: Resurrecting the \u201cNative\u201d subject in International\/Post-Colonial feminist legal politics","volume":"15","author":"Kapur R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kapur R. (2002). The tragedy of victimization rhetoric: Resurrecting the \u201cNative\u201d subject in International\/Post-Colonial feminist legal politics. Harvard Human Rights Law Journal, 15(1), 1-38.","journal-title":"Harvard Human Rights Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218815776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","volume-title":"Processus cognitifs, travail social et inadaptation sociale [Cognitive processes, social work and social maladjustment]","author":"Le Poultier F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Le Poultier F. (1986). Processus cognitifs, travail social et inadaptation sociale [Cognitive processes, social work and social maladjustment]. Presses Universitaires de France."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales","author":"Le Poultier F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Le Poultier F., Le Dreff G. (1996). Conduite sociale d\u2019evaluation et traitement d\u2019informations personnologiques positives vs. negatives [Social conduct of evaluation and processing of positive vs. negative personality information]. In Beauvois J. L., Joule R. V., Monteil J. M. (Eds.), Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales (pp. 199-213). Delachaux & Niestl\u00e9."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0821-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0448-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614546047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113520075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2012.661580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjnrvck"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1035229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9648-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","volume-title":"Nonverbal communication","author":"Mehrabian A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mehrabian A. (2009). Nonverbal communication. Aldine Transaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2014.996321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","volume-title":"Responses to victimisation","author":"Miers D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Miers D. (1978). Responses to victimisation. Professional Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1410138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","first-page":"42166","article-title":"Ley Org\u00e1nica 1\/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de medidas de protecci\u00f3n integral contra la violencia de g\u00e9nero","volume":"313","author":"Organic Law 1\/2004","year":"2004","unstructured":"Organic Law 1\/2004 (2004, December 29). Ley Org\u00e1nica 1\/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de medidas de protecci\u00f3n integral contra la violencia de g\u00e9nero. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado, 313, 42166-42197. https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/lo\/2004\/12\/28\/1.","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20171107-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208329145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","volume-title":"Domestic violence from a socio-legal perspective. A critical analysis of the criminal justice response to domestic violence","author":"Prifty F.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prifty F. (2020). Domestic violence from a socio-legal perspective. A critical analysis of the criminal justice response to domestic violence [Master\u2019s Thesis, Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet [DiVA Institutional Repository] at Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5 University]. https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1451159."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014593523666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2008.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506290421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854805284412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012295109711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01692"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Equal rights to trial for women: Sex bias in the law of self-defense","volume":"15","author":"Schneider E. M","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schneider E. M. (1980). Equal rights to trial for women: Sex bias in the law of self-defense. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 15(3), 623-648.","journal-title":"Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","volume-title":"Battered women and feminist lawmaking","author":"Schneider E. L","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schneider E. L. (2000). Battered women and feminist lawmaking. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Battered woman syndrome, expert testimony, and the distinction between justification and excuse","author":"Schopp R. F.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schopp R. F., Sturgis B. J., Sullivan M. (1994). Battered woman syndrome, expert testimony, and the distinction between justification and excuse. College of Law, Faculty Publications (Vol. 103, 45-113). https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/lawfacpub\/103."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejil\/chy056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Agency and communion in social psychology","author":"Sczesny S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sczesny S., Nater C., Eagly A. H. (2019). Agency and communion. Their implications for gender stereotypes and gender identities. In Sczesny S., Nater C., Eagly A. H. (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 103-112). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1081875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2016.1262812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2012.30.1.94"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_106_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stereotyping and society: A barrier to achieving social equality","volume":"1826","author":"Tritt S. M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tritt S. M. (2009). Stereotyping and society: A barrier to achieving social equality. Opticon 1826(6), 1-11. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5334\/opt.060907.","journal-title":"Opticon"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_107_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Victim blaming theory and research: Impact on professional practice","volume":"1","author":"Underwood T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Underwood T. (2004). Victim blaming theory and research: Impact on professional practice. International Perspectives in Victimology, 1(1), 35\u201352.","journal-title":"International Perspectives in Victimology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026975800901600101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_1","volume-title":"The battered woman","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (1979). The battered woman. Harper & Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_1","volume-title":"Terrifying love: Why battered women kill and how society responds","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (1989). Terrifying love: Why battered women kill and how society responds. Harper & Row Publishers."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_111_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Battered women syndrome and self-defense","volume":"6","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (1992). Battered women syndrome and self-defense. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 6(2), 321-334. https:\/\/scholarship.law.nd.edu\/ndjlepp\/vol6\/iss2\/3.","journal-title":"Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_1","volume-title":"The battered woman syndrome","author":"Walker L. E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walker L. E. (2017). The battered woman syndrome (4th ed.). Springer.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/laws2030337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02395.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jltr.2.3.613-617"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211055154","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605211055154","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605211055154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:28Z","timestamp":1777504588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605211055154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21-22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605211055154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211055154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}}}