{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:24:28Z","timestamp":1793597068818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD081179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD081179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HD 094687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HD 094687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Native American (NA) women experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to other U.S. racial\/ethnic groups, yet previous research has not sufficiently examined the complex determinants shaping their IPV experiences. This research explores the interplay of family networks and legal systems influencing NA women\u2019s IPV experiences. Data were collected through in-depth individual and group interviews with 42 NA survivors and 41 health\/social service providers from July 2016 to June 2017 in NA communities from three different U.S. regions. We used Grounded Theory to develop emergent themes from the data, focusing on system-level risk and protective factors of women\u2019s of IPV experiences. In terms of family systems, participants indicated that NA communities were comprised of highly influential and interwoven family systems, making them powerful sources of support for both survivors and their partners who use violence. Participants described how intergenerational violence exposures contributed to the normalization of violence. In terms of legal systems, participants described inconsistent consequences for abusers of NA women, insufficient protection from legal systems, and manipulation of jurisdictional complexities. Interactions between family and legal systems influenced decision-making and outcomes. Family and community-based approaches, and the incorporation of traditional language and cultures, are needed to promote healing. Our findings reflect the complex ways that family and legal systems shape NA women\u2019s IPV experiences. Results provide insight into how NA women interact with and navigate these systems when experiencing IPV and how these systems impact decision-making and the ability to be safe from IPV. Research is needed to advance understanding of the inter-relationships between intergenerational trauma, family systems, and legal systems on IPV survivors\u2019 mental health and wellness. To make meaningful change, further research examining IPV from an interdisciplinary perspective that explores the interplay of social determinants of health inequities is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211063200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T21:21:27Z","timestamp":1643923287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["\u201cWe\u2019ve Already Endured the Trauma, Who is Going to Either End that Cycle or Continue to Feed It?\u201d: The Influence of Family and Legal Systems on Native American Women\u2019s Intimate Partner Violence Experiences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany Wenniser\u00ed:iostha","family":"Jock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Dana-Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyell","family":"Arscott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith E","family":"Bagwell-Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Kansas School of Social Welfare"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Loerzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Social Work"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Brockie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwendolyn","family":"Packard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Indigenous Women\u2019s Resource Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria M.","family":"O\u2019Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"McKinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Social Work"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Testimony of Floyd Azure, Chairman Assiniboine and Sioux tribes of the Fort peck reservation before the house Appropriations Subcommittee on interior and related agencies concerning the BIA and IHS FY 2017 budget","author":"Azure F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azure F. (2016). Testimony of Floyd Azure, Chairman Assiniboine and Sioux tribes of the Fort peck reservation before the house Appropriations Subcommittee on interior and related agencies concerning the BIA and IHS FY 2017 budget. https:\/\/docs.house.gov\/meetings\/AP\/AP06\/20160318\/104633\/HHRG-114-AP06-Wstate-AzureF-20160318.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"Violence against American Indian and Alaska native women and the criminal justice response: What is known","author":"Bachman R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bachman R., Zaykowski H., Kallymer R., Poteyeva M., Lanier C. (2008). 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