{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:01:16Z","timestamp":1791388876542,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of husband\u2019s alcohol consumption and that of women\u2019s empowerment has been largely studied separately in relation to the intimate partner violence (IPV) faced by women, which has hindered a nuanced understanding of gender-based violence in India. This study aimed to understand how husbands\u2019 alcohol consumption shapes the relationship between women\u2019s empowerment and violence among Indian couples. Data from the 2015\u201316 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) were used in this study. A composite women\u2019s empowerment index was constructed and its association with husbands\u2019 drunkenness and odds of facing emotional, physical, severe, and sexual violence was examined. This study found that compared to women whose husbands were never drunk, those whose husbands were sometimes or often drunk had significantly higher odds of experiencing physical, emotional, and sexual violence. For all the types of IPV, an increase in the empowerment index was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of experiencing violence. However, increasing frequency of husband\u2019s drunkenness in combination with increasing scores on the empowerment index was associated with a significant increase in the odds of IPV, except sexual violence. Our findings highlight the nuances of IPV, situating the experiences of women in the social, cultural, and economic realities of Indian society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521991304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T13:39:04Z","timestamp":1612532344000},"page":"NP11066-NP11088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Effects of Husbands\u2019 Alcohol Consumption and Women\u2019s Empowerment on Intimate Partner Violence in India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Aneree","family":"Parekh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirudh","family":"Tagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansika","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Nadkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangath, Goa, India"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2008.tb00091.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-10-31"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260521991304","unstructured":"Afifi M. (2009). Women\u2019s empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.\n                      Archives of Iranian Medicine\n                      , 12(2), 154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1.1.896.5154"},{"key":"bibr5-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519881530"},{"key":"bibr6-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsop R., Bertelsen M., Holland J. (2006).\n                      Empowerment in practice: From analysis to implementation. directions in development\n                      . World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/6980","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6450-5"},{"key":"bibr7-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.1766"},{"key":"bibr8-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.01.014"},{"key":"bibr9-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2654650"},{"key":"bibr10-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr032"},{"key":"bibr11-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0226-0"},{"key":"bibr12-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.160701"},{"key":"bibr13-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801202250453"},{"key":"bibr14-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9735-7"},{"key":"bibr15-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.02.001"},{"key":"bibr16-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208319102"},{"key":"bibr17-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-011-0382-8"},{"key":"bibr18-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243205278639"},{"key":"bibr19-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v3i1.76"},{"key":"bibr20-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)36533-5"},{"key":"bibr21-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204272129"},{"key":"bibr22-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.05.001"},{"key":"bibr23-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-8991-0"},{"key":"bibr24-0886260521991304","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence"},{"key":"bibr25-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/349435"},{"key":"bibr26-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2010.01221.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v21n03_04"},{"key":"bibr28-0886260521991304","author":"Hair J. 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(2009).\n                      Gender equality and women\u2019s empowerment in India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005\u201306\n                      . International Institute for Population Sciences. http:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/a_subject_report_gender_for_website.pdf"},{"key":"bibr45-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.08.008"},{"key":"bibr46-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0014"},{"key":"bibr47-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.050872"},{"key":"bibr48-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1112"},{"key":"bibr49-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00221.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-015-0500-2"},{"key":"bibr51-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010021"},{"key":"bibr52-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65021-0_41"},{"key":"bibr53-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.904919"},{"key":"bibr54-0886260521991304","unstructured":"Msuya S. E., Adinan J., Mosha N. (2014, September).\n                      Intimate partner violence and empowerment among women in Tanzania: Prevalence and effects on utilization of reproductive and maternal health services\n                      (DHS Working Papers No. 106). ICF International. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-wp106-working-papers.cfm"},{"key":"bibr55-0886260521991304","unstructured":"National Crime Records Bureau. (2020).\n                      Crime in India 2019\n                      . https:\/\/ncrb.gov.in\/en\/crime-india-2019-0"},{"key":"bibr56-0886260521991304","author":"National Family and Health Survey.","year":"2017","journal-title":"India fact sheet. 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Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. SDG-Tracker.Org. https:\/\/sdg-tracker.org\/gender-equality#targets"},{"key":"bibr66-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998509016868"},{"key":"bibr67-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/asr.v14i1.70230"},{"key":"bibr68-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650602700204"},{"key":"bibr69-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219842945"},{"key":"bibr70-0886260521991304","unstructured":"Tuladhar S., Khanal K. R., Lila K. C., Ghimire P. K., Onta K. (2013, March).\n                      Women\u2019s empowerment and spousal violence in relation to health outcomes in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey\n                      (DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 77). Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-fa77-further-analysis.cfm"},{"key":"bibr71-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11564\/28-0-563"},{"key":"bibr72-0886260521991304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2014.00650.x"},{"key":"bibr73-0886260521991304","unstructured":"Wekwete N. N., Sanhokwe H., Murenjekwa W., Takavarasha F., Madzingira N. (2014).\n                      Spousal gender-based violence and women\u2019s empowerment in the 2010\u201311 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey\n                      (DHS Working Papers No. 108 [Zimbabwe Working Papers No. 9]). ICF International. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-wp108-working-papers.cfm"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260521991304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0886260521991304","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0886260521991304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:16:44Z","timestamp":1777504604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0886260521991304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13-14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0886260521991304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260521991304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}