{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:18:47Z","timestamp":1792289927642,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown\u2019s social and economic consequences on gender-based violence. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence by comparing the prevalence of spousal violence against women before and during the COVID-19 related lockdown periods. This study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using a self-administered online questionnaire survey after the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020. Data were collected from a sample of 346 married women about the occurrence, frequency, and forms of spousal violence before and during the lockdown period. Significant increases in violence were observed from the pre-lockdown period to the lockdown period for any violence (32.1% to 38.7%, p = .001), emotional abuse (29.5% to 35.0%, p = .005), and physical violence (12.7% to 17.6%, p = .002). Regarding emotional abuse, humiliation (24.6% to 28.3%, p = .041) and scaring or intimidation (14.2% to 21.4%, p &lt; .001) significantly increased during the lockdown. For physical violence, twisting the arm or pulling hair (9.0% to 13.0%, p = .004) and hitting (5.2% to 9.2%, p = .003) significantly increased during the lockdown. Forcing to have sexual intercourse also significantly increased during lockdown (6.6% to 9.5%., p = .021). The concerned authorities and women\u2019s rights organizations should collaborate to enhance the prevention of violence against women. An effective prevention strategy should emphasize recognizing and acknowledging the extent of the problem, raising awareness about the problem and the available resources to address it, and ensuring social and economic stability. Lessons learned about the increased prevalence of spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to adopt appropriate strategies to prevent and address it will be valuable for similar future crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521997929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:44:40Z","timestamp":1614386680000},"page":"NP11811-NP11835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence Against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kazhan I.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherzad A.","family":"Shabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karwan M.","family":"M-Amen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salar S.","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Kako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharron","family":"Hinchliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing and Midwifery, Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazar P.","family":"Shabila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0886260521997929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-13-37"},{"key":"bibr2-0886260521997929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e3181979c32"},{"key":"bibr3-0886260521997929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-11-56"},{"key":"bibr4-0886260521997929","unstructured":"Aydin C. 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