{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1792787720086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICF International, Inc.","award":["151636.0.000.00.000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["151636.0.000.00.000"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0156f0c06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Military sexual trauma (MST) is a pervasive problem; this study examined the relationship of the precursory traumas of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and warfare exposure with MST. Post-9\/11 veterans were surveyed at 3\u2009months and at 24 to 30\u2009months post-military separation. Female veterans who experienced at least 1 ACE but no warfare exposure were significantly more likely to receive unwanted sexual attention. Veterans (males and females) experiencing three or more ACEs but no warfare exposure were significantly more likely to receive unwanted sexual attention and contact. Experiencing only warfare exposure was not related to unwanted sexual attention or contact for females; however, a significant interaction was found between combined warfare exposure, ACEs, and MST for males and females. Veterans who reported warfare exposure and one to two or three or more ACEs were more likely to report unwanted sexual attention and\/or contact. Exploration of individual ACEs revealed a significant relationship between childhood sexual abuse and unwanted sexual contact. For females, witnessing domestic violence predicted unwanted sexual contact. There was also a significant interaction between childhood sexual abuse and warfare exposure. Females who experienced both childhood sexual abuse and warfare exposure were significantly more likely to receive unwanted sexual attention and unwanted sexual contact. Albeit a small sample, males who experienced both were also significantly more likely to receive unwanted sexual attention. The findings reveal that precursory traumatic experiences in childhood and the interaction of ACEs and warfare exposure during military service can increase the likelihood of unwanted sexual attention and contact. This research further substantiates the need for screening efforts. It also demonstrates the importance of practitioners engaging in trauma-informed care principles and practices to address the residual effects of previous experiences during sexual trauma or mental health treatment efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221109494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T02:42:32Z","timestamp":1660358552000},"page":"3777-3805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Warfare Exposure on Military Sexual Trauma Among Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Carly E.","family":"Doucette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Bleser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronson K. R. Perkins D. F. Morgan N. R. Bleser J. A. Vogt D. Copeland L. A. Finley E. P. Gilman C. L. (2020). The impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and combat exposure on mental health conditions among new post-9\/11 veterans. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy 12(7) 698\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000614","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth S. K. Kimerling R. E. Pavao J. McCutcheon S. J. Batten S. V. Dursa E. Peterson M. R. Schneiderman A. I. (2016). Military sexual trauma among recent veterans: Correlates of sexual assault and sexual harassment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50(1) 77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender R. Lange S. (2001). Adjusting for multiple testingwhen and how? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54(4) 343\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-4356(00)00314-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blosnich J. R. Dichter M. E. Cerulli C. Batten S. V. Bossarte R. M. (2014). Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among individuals with a history of military service. JAMA Psychiatry 71(9) 1041\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.724","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.724"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bockers E. Roepke S. Michael L. Renneberg B. Knaevelsrud C. (2014). Risk recognition attachment anxiety self-efficacy and state dissociation predict revictimization. PLoS One 9(9) e108206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108206"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitenbecher K. H. (2001). Sexual revictimization among women: A review of the literature focusing on empirical investigations. Aggression and Violent Behavior 6(4) 415\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1359-1789(00)00014-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(00)00014-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess A. W. Slattery D. M. Herlihy P. A. (2013). Military sexual trauma: A silent syndrome. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services; Thorofare 51(2) 20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/02793695-20130109-03","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20130109-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns B. Grindlay K. Holt K. Manski R. Grossman D. (2014). Military sexual trauma among US servicewomen during deployment: A qualitative study. American Journal of Public Health 104(2) 345\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301576","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301576"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q. Gelman A. Tracy M. Norris F. H. Galea S. (2015). Incorporating the sampling design in weighting adjustments for panel attrition. Statistics in Medicine 34(28) 3637\u20133647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.6618","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6618"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense. (2022). Military basic pay effective 1 January 2022. https:\/\/militarypay.defense.gov\/Portals\/3\/Documents\/2022%20Basic%20Pay%20Table%20-%201%20Drill%20Pay.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense. (2017). 2017 Demographics: Profiles of the military community. https:\/\/download.militaryonesource.mil\/12038\/MOS\/Reports\/2017-demographics-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense. (2018). Department of Defense annual report on sexual assault in the military: Fiscal year 2018. https:\/\/www.sapr.mil\/sites\/default\/files\/DoD_Annual_Report_on_Sexual_Assault_in_the_Military.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense. (2019). Department of Defense annual report on sexual assault in the military: Fiscal year 2019. https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2020\/Apr\/30\/2002291660\/-1\/-1\/1\/1_DEPARTMENT_OF_DEFENSE_FISCAL_YEAR_2019_ANNUAL_REPORT_ON_SEXUAL_ASSAULT_IN_THE_MILITARY.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai S. Arias I. Thompson M. P. Basile K. C. (2002). Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men. Violence and Victims 17(6) 639\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vivi.17.6.639.33725","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.17.6.639.33725"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong M. Anda R. F. Felitti V. J. Dube S. R. Williamson D. F. Thompson T. J. Loo C. M. Giles W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse neglect and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect 28(7) 771\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti V. J. Anda R. F. (2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. In Lanius R. A. Vermetten E. Pain C. (Eds.) The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic (pp. 77-87). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511777042.010","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511777042.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti V. J. Anda R. F. Nordenberg D. Williamson D. F. Spitz A. M. Edwards V. Koss M. P. Marks J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4) 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabor T. Mata F. (2004). Victimization and repeat victimization over the life span: A predictive study and implications for policy. International Review of Victimology 10(3) 193\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026975800401000301","DOI":"10.1177\/026975800401000301"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovanelli A. Reynolds A. J. Mondi C. F. Ou S. R. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and adult well-being in a low-income urban cohort. Pediatrics 137(4) 10.1542\/eds.2015\u20134016 e20154016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4016","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horan J. M. Widom C. S. (2015). Cumulative childhood risk and adult functioning in abused and neglected children grown up. Development and Psychopathology 27(3) 927\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S095457941400090X","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941400090X"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Military sexual trauma","volume":"20","author":"Hyun J. K.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hyun J. K., Pavao J., Kimerling R. (2009). Military sexual trauma. Research Quarterly, 20(2), 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Research Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones T. M. Nurius P. Song C. Fleming C. M. (2018). Modeling life course pathways from adverse childhood experiences to adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect 80 32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katon J. G. Lehavot K. Simpson T. L. Williams E. C. Barnett S. B. Grossbard J. R. Schure M. B. Gray K. E. Reiber G. E. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences military service and adult health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49(4) 573\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly M. M. Vogt D. S. Scheiderer E. M. Ouimette P. Daley J. Wolfe J. (2008). Effects of military trauma exposure on women veterans\u2019 use and perceptions of Veterans Health Administration care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23(6) 741\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-008-0589-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0589-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimerling R. Gima K. Smith M. W. Street A. Frayne S. (2007). The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma. American Journal of Public Health 97(12) 2160\u20132166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092999","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092999"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimerling R. Makin-Byrd K. Louzon S. Ignacio R. V. McCarthy J. F. (2016). Military sexual trauma and suicide mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50(6) 684\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.10.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimerling R. Pavao J. Valdez C. Mark H. Hyun J. K. Saweikis M. (2011). Military sexual trauma and patient perceptions of veteran Health Administration health care quality. Women\u2019s Health Issues 21(4 Suppl) S145\u2013S151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimerling R. Street A. E. Gima K. Smith M. W. (2008). Evaluation of universal screening for military-related sexual trauma. Psychiatric Services 59(6) 635\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.59.6.635","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.6.635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimerling R. Street A. E. Pavao J. Smith M. W. Cronkite R. C. Holmes T. H. Frayne S. M. (2010). Military-related sexual trauma among Veterans Health Administration patients returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Public Health 100(8) 1409\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171793","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171793"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King L. A. King D. W. Vogt D. S. Knight J. Samper R. E. (2006). Deployment risk and resilience inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology 18(2) 89\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327876mp1802_1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp1802_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klest B. (2012). Childhood trauma poverty and adult victimization. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy 4(3) 245\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024468","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024468"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klingensmith K. Tsai J. Mota N. Southwick S. M. Pietrzak R. H. (2014). Military sexual trauma in US veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75(10) e1133\u2013e1139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.14m09244","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09244"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latack J. A. Moyer A. Simon V. A. Davila J. (2017). Attentional bias for sexual threat among sexual victimization survivors: A meta-analytic review. Trauma Violence & Abuse 18(2) 172\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838015602737","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015602737"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeardMann C. A. Smith B. Ryan M. A. (2010). Do adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder in US Marines? BMC Public Health 10(1) 437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-437","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-437"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrick M. T. Ports K. A. Ford D. C. Afifi T. O. Gershoff E. T. Grogan-Kaylor A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect 69 10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan N. R. Aronson K. R. Perkins D. F. Doucette C. E. Bleser J. A. Davenport K. Vogt D. Copeland L. A. Finley E. P. Gilman C. L. (2022). The interaction of exposure to adverse childhood and combat experiences on the current mental health of new post-9\/11 veterans. Journal of Community Psychology 50 204\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22523","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22523"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdoch M. Polusny M. A. Street A. Noorbaloochi S. Simon A. B. Bangerter A. Grill J. Voller E. (2014). Sexual assault during the time of Gulf war I: A cross-sectional survey of U.S. Service men who later applied for Department of Veterans Affairs PTSD disability benefits. Military Medicine 179(3) 285\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00513","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00513"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuzzo R. (2014). Statistical errors: P values the \u2018gold standard\u2019 of statistical validity are not as reliable as many scientists assume. Nature 506 150\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/506150a","DOI":"10.1038\/506150a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien C. Keith J. Shoemaker L. (2015). Don\u2019t tell: Military culture and male rape. Psychological Services 12(4) 357\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000049","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchowski L. M. Berry-Cab\u00e1n C. S. Prisock K. Borsari B. Kazemi D. M. (2018). Evaluations of sexual assault prevention programs in military settings: A synthesis of the research literature. Military Medicine 183(Suppl.1) 421\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usx212","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks S. E. Kim K. H. Day N. L. Garza M. A. Larkby C. A. (2011). Lifetime self-reported victimization among low-income urban women: The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult violent victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(6) 1111\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260510368158","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510368158"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins D. F. Jones K. R. (2004). Risk behaviors and resiliency within physically abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect 28(5) 547\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ports K. A. Ford D. C. Merrick M. T. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect 51 313\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.08.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Primary prevention of psychopathology, volume 3: Social competence in children","author":"Rutter M.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rutter M. (1979). Protective factors in children\u2019s responses to stress and disadvantage. In Kent M. W., Rolf J. E. (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology, volume 3: Social competence in children (pp. 49\u201374). University of New England Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadler A. G. Booth B. M. Cook B. L. Doebbeling B. N. (2003). Factors associated with women\u2019s risk of rape in the military environment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 43(3) 262\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.10202","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10202"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scoglio A. A. J. Shirk S. D. Mazure C. Park C. L. Molnar B. E. Hoff R. A. Kraus S. W. (2019). It all adds up: Addressing the roles of cumulative traumatic experiences on military veterans. Child Abuse & Neglect 98 104\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104227"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott J. C. Pietrzak R. H. Southwick S. M. Jordan J. Silliker N. Brandt C. A. Haskell S. G. (2014). Military sexual trauma interacts with combat exposure to increase risk for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in female Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75(6) 637\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.13m08808","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08808"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Street A. E. Stafford J. Mahan C. M. Hendricks A. (2008). Sexual harassment and assault experienced by reservists during military service: Prevalence and health correlates. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 45(3) 409\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1682\/jrrd.2007.06.0088","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.06.0088"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suris A. Lind L. (2008). Military sexual trauma: A review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans. Trauma Violence & Abuse 9(4) 250\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838008324419","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838008324419"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt D. Perkins D. F. Copeland L. A. Finley E. P. Jamieson C. S. Booth B. Lederer S. Gilman C. L. (2018). The Veterans Metrics Initiative study of US veterans\u2019 experiences during their transition from military service. BMJ Open 8(6) e020734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020734","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020734"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadham B. (2017). Violence in the military and relations among men: Military masculinities and \u2018rape prone cultures\u2019. In Woodward R. Duncanson C. (eds) The Palgrave international handbook of gender and the military (pp. 241\u2013256). Palgrave Macmillan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/978-1-137-51677-0_15","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-51677-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J. M. Lee L. O. Spiro A.3rd (2015). Gender differences in the impact of warfare exposure on self-rated health. Women\u2019s Health Issues 25(1) 35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2014.09.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2014.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson L. C. (2018). The prevalence of military sexual trauma: A meta-analysis. Trauma Violence & Abuse 19(5) 584\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838016683459","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016683459"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605221109494","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605221109494","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605221109494","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1789725043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605221109494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605221109494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221109494","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}