{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:56:48Z","timestamp":1790114208222,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/S00811X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S00811X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"medical research council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC DTP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC DTP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although urban areas are diverse and urban inequities are well documented, surveys commonly differentiate intimate partner violence (IPV) rates only by urban versus rural residence. This study compared rates of current IPV victimization among women and men by urban residence (informal and formal settlements). Data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, consisting of an ever-married sample of 1,613 women (age 15\u201349\u2009years) and 1,321 men (age 15\u201354\u2009years), were analyzed. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to female and male data separately to quantify the associations between residence and any current IPV while controlling for regional variation and other factors. Results show gendered patterns of intra-urban variation in IPV occurrence, with the greatest burden of IPV identified among women in informal settlements (across all types of violence). Unadjusted analyses suggest residing in informal settlements is associated with any current IPV against women, but not men, compared with their counterparts in formal urban settlements. This correlation is not statistically significant when adjusting for women\u2019s education level in multivariate analysis. In addition, reporting father beat mother, use of current physical violence against partner, partner\u2019s alcohol use, and marital status are associated with any current IPV against women and men. IPV gets marginal attention in urban violence and urban health research, and our results highlight the importance of spatially disaggregate IPV data\u2014beyond the rural-urban divide\u2014to inform policy and programming. Future research may utilize intersectional and syndemic approaches to investigate the complexity of IPV and clustering with other forms of violence and other health issues in different urban settings, especially among marginalized residents in informal urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221120893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T06:32:31Z","timestamp":1662359551000},"page":"5111-5138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intra-Urban Variation of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Men in Kenya: Evidence from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Ringwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tolhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Taegtmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Digolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prevention Collaborative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Gichuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwangi Michael","family":"Gaitho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope A.","family":"Phillips\u2013Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Otiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVCT Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511431437"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605221120893","unstructured":"African Population and Health Research Center [APHRC]. (2014). Population and health dynamics in Nairobi\u2019s informal settlements: Report of the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2012. https:\/\/aphrc.org\/publication\/population-and-health-dynamics-in-nairobis-informal-settlements-report-of-the-nairobi-cross-sectional-slums-survey-ncss-2012-3\/"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2011.02.004"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102365"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-45"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219853370"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3019004"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101034"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S203327"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605221120893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24248\/eahrj.v2i2.570"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605221120893","unstructured":"Chumo I., Elsey H., Kabaria C., Mberu B. 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